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Step Review > Misc. > Flashcards

Misc. Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism of 1g of protein is how many calories?

Metabolism of 1g of carbs is how many calories?

Metabolism of 1g of fat is how many calories?

A

4

4

9

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2
Q

Mulberry shaped cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Transmitted via ticks

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3
Q

Cell death = loss of the nucleus

How does this happen?

A

Pyknosis: nucleus shrinks
Karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks up
Karyolysis: parts broken down into base components

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4
Q

What causes a red infarct?

A

Blood re-enters tissue after ischemia but cannot leave due to blockage in veins

Occurs in testes

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5
Q

Liquifactive necrosis is characteristic in (3)

A

Brain infarction
Abscess
Pancreatitis

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6
Q

Caseous necrosis is characteristic in (2)

A

TB and Fungal infections

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7
Q

Fat necrosis is characteristic in (2)

A

Breast and peripancreatic fat

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8
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Necrotic damage to blood vessel wall that stains pink

Characteristic of malignant HTN and vasculitis

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9
Q

Examples of apoptosis

A

Endometrial shedding
Removal during embryogenesis
CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of virally infected cells

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10
Q

What are the mediators of apoptosis?

A

Caspases

They activate proteases (breakdown cytoskeleton) and endonucleases (break down DNA)

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11
Q

Intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

A

Cytochrome C leaks from inner mitochondrial matrix into cytoplasm

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12
Q

Extrinsic receptor-ligand apoptosis pathway

A

Fas ligand binds Fas death receptor on target cell (negative selection of T cells)
TNF binds TNF receptor on target cell

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13
Q

Enzymes needed for the elimination of free radicals

A

SOD (O2-)
Glutathione peroxidase (OH-)
Catalase (H202)

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14
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Found in bone, skin, tendons, internal organs, and scars

Defective production in osteogenesis imperfecta (COL1A)

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15
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage, IVD, vitreous humor

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16
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Skin, blood vessels, granulations tissue

Defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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17
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membranes, lens, cochlea

Defective in Alport syndrome

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18
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Alpha chain synthesis in RER (pre-procollagen)
Proline/lysine are hydroxylated/glycosylates in ER (Vit C)
Triple helix (procollagen) is exocytosed
N and C terminals are cleaves (tropocollagen)
Lysine is crosslinked by lysyl oxidase (Cu) (collagen fibrils)

19
Q

Systemic amyloidosis

A

Systemic deposition of AL amyloid derived from Ig light chain

Kidney is most commonly involved organ

20
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

Systemic deposition of AA amyloid derived from SAA

Chronic inflammatory states, malignancy, familial Mediterranean fever

21
Q

Alkylating agents cause what kind of cancer?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

Side effect of chemotherapy

22
Q

Arsenic (Cigarettes) –> cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver

23
Q

Polycyclic hydrocarbons (Cigarettes) –> cancer?

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder

24
Q

Nitrosamines –> cancer?

A

Stomach carcinoma

Found in smoked foods

25
Q

Naphthylamine (Cigarettes) –> cancer?

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

26
Q

Vinyl chloride –> cancer?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

Used to make PVC

27
Q

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica –> cancer

A

lung carcinoma

28
Q

Ionizing radiation –> cancer?

A

AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

29
Q

Oncogene PDGF –>

A

Astrocytoma

30
Q

Oncogene EGFR –>

A

Breast cancer (HER2)

31
Q

Oncogene RET –>

A

MEN2A, MEN 2B, medullary carcinoma of thyroid

32
Q

Oncogene ABL –>

A

t(9:22) CML

33
Q

Oncogene c-MTC –>

A

t(8:14) Burkitt lymphoma

34
Q

Oncogene N-MTC –>

A

Neuroblastoma

35
Q

Oncogene L-MTC –>

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

36
Q

Oncogene CCND1 –>

A

t(11:14) Mantle cell lymphoma

G1 check point

37
Q

Oncogene CDK4 –>

A

Melanoma

38
Q

P53 regulates what stage in cell cycle

A

G1 –> S phase
Can trigger BAX to knock out BCL2
Germ line mut is Li-Fraumeni syndrome

39
Q

Rb regulates what stage in cell cycle

A

G1 –> S phase
Rb releases E2F to allow progression in cell cycle
Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

40
Q

BCL2

A

Stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane to prevent apoptosis

41
Q

RNA pol I

RNA pol II

RNA pol III

A

rRNA

mRNA (inhibited by amanita phalloides)

snRNA and siRNA

42
Q

G1 –> S

A

Synthesis of proteins and organelles
RB usually bound to E2F to suppress growth
ATM also regulates this checkpoint (p53)

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detox of drug and toxins

Lipid synthesis

44
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

Step Review (17 decks)

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