Misc. Flashcards
Metabolism of 1g of protein is how many calories?
Metabolism of 1g of carbs is how many calories?
Metabolism of 1g of fat is how many calories?
4
4
9
Mulberry shaped cytoplasmic inclusions
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Transmitted via ticks
Cell death = loss of the nucleus
How does this happen?
Pyknosis: nucleus shrinks
Karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks up
Karyolysis: parts broken down into base components
What causes a red infarct?
Blood re-enters tissue after ischemia but cannot leave due to blockage in veins
Occurs in testes
Liquifactive necrosis is characteristic in (3)
Brain infarction
Abscess
Pancreatitis
Caseous necrosis is characteristic in (2)
TB and Fungal infections
Fat necrosis is characteristic in (2)
Breast and peripancreatic fat
Fibrinoid necrosis
Necrotic damage to blood vessel wall that stains pink
Characteristic of malignant HTN and vasculitis
Examples of apoptosis
Endometrial shedding
Removal during embryogenesis
CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of virally infected cells
What are the mediators of apoptosis?
Caspases
They activate proteases (breakdown cytoskeleton) and endonucleases (break down DNA)
Intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
Cytochrome C leaks from inner mitochondrial matrix into cytoplasm
Extrinsic receptor-ligand apoptosis pathway
Fas ligand binds Fas death receptor on target cell (negative selection of T cells)
TNF binds TNF receptor on target cell
Enzymes needed for the elimination of free radicals
SOD (O2-)
Glutathione peroxidase (OH-)
Catalase (H202)
Type 1 collagen
Found in bone, skin, tendons, internal organs, and scars
Defective production in osteogenesis imperfecta (COL1A)
Type 2 collagen
Cartilage, IVD, vitreous humor
Type 3 collagen
Skin, blood vessels, granulations tissue
Defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Type 4 collagen
Basement membranes, lens, cochlea
Defective in Alport syndrome
Collagen synthesis
Alpha chain synthesis in RER (pre-procollagen)
Proline/lysine are hydroxylated/glycosylates in ER (Vit C)
Triple helix (procollagen) is exocytosed
N and C terminals are cleaves (tropocollagen)
Lysine is crosslinked by lysyl oxidase (Cu) (collagen fibrils)
Systemic amyloidosis
Systemic deposition of AL amyloid derived from Ig light chain
Kidney is most commonly involved organ
Secondary amyloidosis
Systemic deposition of AA amyloid derived from SAA
Chronic inflammatory states, malignancy, familial Mediterranean fever
Alkylating agents cause what kind of cancer?
Leukemia/lymphoma
Side effect of chemotherapy
Arsenic (Cigarettes) –> cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver
Polycyclic hydrocarbons (Cigarettes) –> cancer?
Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder
Nitrosamines –> cancer?
Stomach carcinoma
Found in smoked foods
Naphthylamine (Cigarettes) –> cancer?
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder
Vinyl chloride –> cancer?
Angiosarcoma of liver
Used to make PVC
Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica –> cancer
lung carcinoma
Ionizing radiation –> cancer?
AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Oncogene PDGF –>
Astrocytoma
Oncogene EGFR –>
Breast cancer (HER2)
Oncogene RET –>
MEN2A, MEN 2B, medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Oncogene ABL –>
t(9:22) CML
Oncogene c-MTC –>
t(8:14) Burkitt lymphoma
Oncogene N-MTC –>
Neuroblastoma
Oncogene L-MTC –>
Small cell lung carcinoma
Oncogene CCND1 –>
t(11:14) Mantle cell lymphoma
G1 check point
Oncogene CDK4 –>
Melanoma
P53 regulates what stage in cell cycle
G1 –> S phase
Can trigger BAX to knock out BCL2
Germ line mut is Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Rb regulates what stage in cell cycle
G1 –> S phase
Rb releases E2F to allow progression in cell cycle
Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
BCL2
Stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane to prevent apoptosis
RNA pol I
RNA pol II
RNA pol III
rRNA
mRNA (inhibited by amanita phalloides)
snRNA and siRNA
G1 –> S
Synthesis of proteins and organelles
RB usually bound to E2F to suppress growth
ATM also regulates this checkpoint (p53)
Smooth ER
Detox of drug and toxins
Lipid synthesis
Stop codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
