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Anatomy > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys and ureters

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2
Q

What constitutes lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder, prostate (men), urethra

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3
Q

What level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

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4
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney and what parts of the nephron are within each?

A

Cortex
- Renal corpuscle; Bowman’s capsule/space and glomerulus

Medulla
- Loop of Henle

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5
Q

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa (specialised DT cells) + juxtaglomeruar cells (specialised smooth muscle cells)

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6
Q

What crosses the ureters anteriorly?

A

Male; vas deferens

Female; uterine artery

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7
Q

What do the ureters pass in front of?

A

Common iliac vessels

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8
Q

What is the muscle in the bladder?

A

Smooth detrusor muscle

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9
Q

What is the triangular space between the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral meatus?

A

Trigone

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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

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11
Q

What is the median umbilical ligament?

A

Remnant of embryological allantois

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12
Q

Describe the male urethra

A

Around 20cm total length

4 parts

  • pre-prostatic
  • prostatic; ~3cm long, contains prostatic duct openings
  • membranous; narrowest, ~2cm long, circled by external urethral sphincter
  • spongy; longest ~15cm
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13
Q

What innervates the external urethral sphincter?

A

S2, 3, 4

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14
Q

Blood supply to bladder?

A

Branches of internal iliac arteries

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15
Q

Motor supply of the detrusor muscle

A

parasympathetic nerves conveyed in pelvic splanchnic nerves

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16
Q

What innervates smooth muscle surrounding bladder neck in males?

A

Sympathetic nerves from the hypogastric plexus

17
Q

Describe innervation during micturation and ejaculation

A

Parasympathetic causes contraction of bladder during micturation

Sympathetic prevents reflux during ejaculation

18
Q

Describe the female urethra

A

Fibromuscular tube ~2-3cm long

Middle third encircled by striated muscle fibres of external urethral sphincter

19
Q

Where are the kidneys situated?

A

Behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal) in the paravertebral gutters

20
Q

What is the order of passage of the urine from kidney to bladder?

A

Pyramids - papillae - minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder

21
Q

What are the layers surrounding the kidney?

A 
Kidney
Renal capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal fascia; also encloses suprarenal gland and proximal ureter
Pararenal fat
22
Q

Posterior relations of the kidneys

A

Similar

Superior poles against diaphragm and twelfth ribs
Medial border overlaps psoas major
Inferolateral portion related to quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis and upper part of ureter

23
Q

Right anterior and medial relations of kidney

A

Anteriorly from above, downwards

  • bare area of liver
  • second part of duodenum
  • right flexure of colon, coils of jejunum

Medial

  • IVC
  • renal vessels
  • upper part of ureter
24
Q

Left anterior and medial relations of kidney

A

Anteriorly from above, downwards

  • stomach
  • spleen
  • splenic vessels
  • tail of pancreas
  • left colic flexure and coils of jejunum

Medial

  • adrenal gland
  • renal and suprarenal vessels
  • proximal ureter
25
Q

At what level does the aorta give off the renal arteries?

A

At about L1

26
Q

Renal blood supply

A

Arterial

  • lies behind corresponding vein
  • right crosses behind IVC

Venous

  • right runs short course to IVC
  • left passes anteriorly to the aorta to reach IVC, usually receiving the suprarenal and gonadal on its way

*stenosis of a renal artery can lead to systemic arterial hypertension

27
Q

Suprarenal blood supply

A

Arterial
- branches of the renal and inferior phrenic arteries as well as the aorta

Venous

  • right suprarenal vein v short and enters IVC directly
  • left suprarenal vein drains into left renal vein
28
Q

Where may renal calculi impact?

A

Where ureters narrow

  • pelviureteric junction
  • entrance to bladder
  • as ureter enters pelvis and crosses over common iliac artery bifurcation
29
Q

What are some congenital abnormalities of renal system?

A

horseshoe kidney

Duplicated ureter

Anatomy (10 decks)

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