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Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the extent of the skull

A

Skull extends from the top of the eyebrows to the occipital prominence

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2
Q

Describe the layers of the scalp

A 
S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis of epicranium
L - loose areolar tissue
P - pericranium
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3
Q

List the cutaneous nerves of the scalp

A

All three branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, V3) as well as C2 and C3 (both anterior and posterior rami)

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4
Q

Describe arterial supply of scalp

A

INTERNAL CAROTID BRANCHES
Supratrochlear artery
Supraorbital artery

EXTERNAL CAROTID BRANCHES
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery

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5
Q

Describe venous drainage of the scalp

A 
Supratrochlear vein
Supraorbital vein
Superficial temporal vein
Occipital vein
Posterior auricular vein
Facial vein
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6
Q

What are the branches of the Trigeminal Nerve inervating the face and what parts of the face do they innervate?

A

V1 - ophthalmic nerve innervates area around eyes and above

V2 - maxillary nerve innervates area of the maxillary bone

V3 - mandibular nerve innervates the jaw

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7
Q

Describe the course of arteries supplying the face

A

Facial artery is squiggly and curls around the mandible to supply most of the face

Maxillary artery supplies area surrounding ear

Branches of the superficial temporal artery supply area around orbit

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8
Q

Describe the course of veins draining the face

A

Common facial vein, anterior jugular vein

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9
Q

Main muscles of facial expression and their functions

A

Orbicularis oculi - closes eyelid

Orbicularis oris - closes lips and narrows mouth

Frontalis muscle - raises eyebrows

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10
Q

Discuss the parotid gland

A

Parotid gland is between the mandible and zygomatic arch and is an exocrine gland

Produces saliva which comes out in the duct at above the second molar

It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (parasympathetic)

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11
Q

Describe the relation of the facial nerve to the parotid gland

A

the facial nerve enters the parotid gland where it forms the parotid plexus and splits into five branches

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12
Q

Describe the compartments of the neck

A

Vertebral Compartment; cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

Vascular Compartment; contains major blood vessels and vagus nerve

Visceral Compartment; contains thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus

Musculofascial collar; encloses the other compartments

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13
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the massetter muscle

A

Elevates mandible during bilateral contraction

Cr. N. V - trigeminal V3

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14
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the frontalis muscle

A

Raises eyebrows

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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15
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the orbicularis oculi

A

Closes eyelid

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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16
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the orbicularis oris

A

Closing of lips and narrowing of mouth

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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17
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the mylohyoid

A

Elevates hyoid and tongue

Cr. N. V - trigeminal V3

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18
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the geniohyoid

A

Pulls hyoid bone upward, aids in depression of mandible

Cervical plexus - C1 and C2

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19
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the digastric muscle

  • post
  • ant
A

Lowers the jaw and mandible, elevates hyoid during swallowing

  • Cr. N. VII - facial nerve
  • mylohyoid nerve (V3)
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20
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the omohyoid

A

Moving the hyoid bone

C1-C3; ansa cervicalis

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21
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the stylohyoid

A

Draws hyoid bone backward and elevates tongue

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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22
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the sternohyoid muscle

A

Depression of hyoid bone

C1-C3

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23
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the sternothyroid muscle

A

Depression of larynx

C1-C3

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24
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle

A

Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

C1; hitches a ride on the hypoglossal nerve

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25
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the trapezius muscle

A

Tilt and turn head and neck, shrug shoulders, twist arms, elevate depress rotate and retract scapula

Accessory nerve

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26
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Rotation of head to opposite side and flexion of the neck

Cr. N. XI - accessory nerve

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27
Q

What are the components of a typical cervical vertebra?

A 
Vertebral Body
Transverse Process
Vertebral Foramen
Bifid Spinous Process
Superior Articular Facet
Transverse Foramen
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28
Q

Describe the C1 vertebra connection to the skull

A

The atlas; atlanto-occipital joints (condyloid) connect the condylar and the skull

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29
Q

Describe the C2 vertebra connection to the C1

A

The axis; i.e. what the C1 vertebra (atlas) rotates around

The odontoid peg extends upwards and is what the C1 rotates around. This facilitates the movement of rotation in the head.

Pivot joint

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A

Superiorly; mandible

Posteriorly; sternocleidomastoid muscle

Anteriorly; midline of neck

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31
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A

Anteriorly; sternocleidomastoid muscle

Posteriorly; trapezius

Inferiorly; omohyoid

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32
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A 
Common carotid a.
Int & Ext carotid a.
Facial a.
Facial v.
Int. jugular v.
Hypoglossal nerves
Vagus n.
Laryngeal n.
Glossopharyngeal n.
Submandibular and submental nodes
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33
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

A 
Accessory n.
Cervical nerve plexus
Occipital artery
Ext. jugular vein
Lymph nodes
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34
Q

What are the further divisions of the anterior triangle?

A

Submental
Digastric/submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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35
Q

What is within the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

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36
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

Posterior - digastric muscle

Anterior - midline of neck

Inferior - body of hyoid bone

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37
Q

What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?

A

Superior - mandible & mastoid process

Posterior - digastric & stylohyoid

Anterior - digastric

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38
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior - digastric

Lateral - sternocleidomastoid

Inferior - omohyoid

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39
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

Anterior - midline of neck

Posterior - sternocleidomastoid

Superior - omohyoid

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40
Q

Describe the pterygopalatine fossa

A

Bilateral cone-shaped depression extending deep from infratemporal fossa to nasal cavity

Borders formed by palatine, maxilla and sphenoid bones

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41
Q

Describe the laryngeal nerves

A

Branches of vagus supplying larynx

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve pierces thyrohyoid membrane above entrance of superior laryngeal artery

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve innervates cricothyroid muscle and is closely related to superior pole of the thyroid

Recurrent laryngeal nerve has different paths on either side of the body but both supply intrinsic muscles of the larynx

42
Q

Describe the calvaria

A

Made up of superior portions of the frontal, occipital and parietal bones

43
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A
  • common carotid artery
  • vagus nerve
  • internal jugular vein
44
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

anterior rami C1-4 spinal nerves

C1 travels with hypoglossal nerve

C1-3 are the ansa cervicalis (beneath sternocleidomastoid)

45
Q

What separates the external and internal carotid arteries?

A
  • styloid process
  • stylopharyngeus
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
46
Q

What is the pathway of the facial artery?

A

supplies tonsils, descends under body of mandible grooving the submandibular gland and emerging anterior to masseter

47
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid arteries?

A

Superficial temporal artery

Maxillary artery

48
Q

What is the attachment of the masseter?

A

Along length of zygomatic arch down to lateral surface of ramus of mandible

49
Q

What is the attachment of the temporalis?

A

Temporalis attachment is from inferior temporal line down to coronoid process and anteromedial aspect of the ramus of the mandible

50
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial joint - modified hinge

Separated by an articular disc

Joint is innervated by V3

51
Q

What are the muscles of the styloid process?

A
  • stylohyoid
  • stylopharyngeus
  • styloglossus
52
Q

Where does the geniohyoid lie?

A

Above the mylohyoid

innnervated by C1 spinal nerves carried on hypoglossal nerves

53
Q

What is the midline fold under tip of tongue called?

A

frenulum

54
Q

Describe the tongue.

A

V-shaped groove is called terminal sulcus and is what separates the anterior 2/3rds fromt he posterior 1/3rd.

Midline depression at apex of groove = foramen caecum

55
Q

What do the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Extrinsic - alter position of the tongue

Intrinsic - alter shape of tongue

56
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Styloglossus - helps elevate tongue (usually considered a muscle of the palate)
Genioglossus - draws tongue forwards and down
Hyoglossus - depresses tongue

57
Q

Where does eustachian tube open?

A

into nasopharynx above superior constrictor

58
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate?

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

59
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

The cerebrum and cerebellum

60
Q

What does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

The cerebellar hemispheres

61
Q

Where does the sagittal suture lie?

A

Between left and right parietal bones

62
Q

Where does the coronal suture lie?

A

Between frontal and parietal bones

63
Q

Where does the lamboid suture lie?

A

Between occipital and parietal bones

64
Q

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

A 
body
pituitary fossa
greater wing
lesser wing
pterygoid plates (seen from inferior)
65
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous; external

Petrous; internal

66
Q

what type of joint is present at the zygomatic arch?

A

suture

67
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?

A

anterior and posterior bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle

68
Q

What provides cutaneous sensation to the scalp and face?

A

Trigeminal nerve and C2/3

69
Q

in which layer of scalp are blood vessels?

A

connective tissue layer

70
Q

What is diploe?

A

Spongy layer separating inner and outer layers of cortical bone in the skull

71
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

veins connecting extracranial venous system with intracranial venous sinuses

72
Q

What is a dental X-ray?

A

Orthopantomogram

73
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of the maxillary prominence and the median nasal prominence to fuse

74
Q

Which is the only muscle that doesn’t arise from the posterior aspect o orbit?

A

Inferior oblique

75
Q

Describe innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
Ciliaris - accomodation of lens - CrNIII
Constrictor pupillae (circular) - constricts pupil - CrNIII
Dilator pupillae (radial) - dilates pupil - sympathetic innervation
76
Q

Describe innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Superior oblique - CrNIV (trochlear)

Lateral rectus - CrNVI (abducens)

Superior rectus, middle rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique - CrNIII (oculomotor)

77
Q

What ligaments prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?

A

Medial and lateral check ligaments

78
Q

What muscle elevates the eyelid and where does it lie?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

Superior to superior rectus

79
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body

80
Q

What produces vitreous humour?

A

cells in non-pigmented portion of ciliary body
embryonic mesenchyme cells which degenerate after birth

*nature and composition of vitreous humor changes over course of life

81
Q

Describe the anterior segment of the eye

A

Anterior segment of the eye is the portion from the ciliary body to the cornea

Splits into two chambers

  • anterior chamber; in front of lens
  • posterior chamber; lens to ciliary body
82
Q

Describe the posterior segment of the eye

A

Lens to retina

Contains vitreous humor

83
Q

What is the trabecular meshwork?

A

Are near ciliary body, responsible for draining aqueous humour from the eye via Schlemm’s canal

84
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum; formed from the vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

85
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The palate; palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones

86
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Trap dirt
  • Respiration
  • Humidification of inspired air
  • Olfaction
87
Q

What bones form the lateral walls of the nose?

A 
Ethmoid
Maxilla (frontal process)
Palatine
Sphenoid
Nasal
88
Q

What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?

A
  • Cribriform plate
  • crista gali
  • central plate
  • superior and middle conchae
  • ethmoid air cells
89
Q

Nasal cavity epithelium

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar

90
Q

What is the space above the superior concha?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

91
Q

Blood supply to the nose

A

From the branches of ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA) and also ECA branches

Venous drainage via a venous plexus

92
Q

What opens into the superior nasal meatus?

A

Sphenoid sinus and posterior ethomoid air cells

93
Q

What opens into the middle nasal meatus?

A

Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid air cells

94
Q

What opens into the inferior nasal meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

95
Q

What are the functions of air sinuses?

A

Humidifying inspired air

Reduce weight of skull

96
Q

Sphenoethmoidal recess

A

Small space superior and posterior to superior concha

Sphenoid and posterior ethmoidal sinus opens into here

97
Q

What air sinus is often indented by tooth sockets?

A

Maxillary

98
Q

Which air sinus does not open at its most inferior part?

A

Sphenoidal

99
Q

Innervation of air sinuses

A 
Frontal = V1
Maxillary = V2
Sphenoid = V3
100
Q

What important structures are in the nasopharynx?

A

Collection of lymphoid tissue = adenoid/nasopharyngeal tonsils

Eustachian tube

101
Q

Bifurcation of common carotid

A

Level C3/C4

Anatomy (10 decks)

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