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Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the extent of the skull

A

Skull extends from the top of the eyebrows to the occipital prominence

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2
Q

Describe the layers of the scalp

A 
S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis of epicranium
L - loose areolar tissue
P - pericranium
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3
Q

List the cutaneous nerves of the scalp

A

All three branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, V3) as well as C2 and C3 (both anterior and posterior rami)

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4
Q

Describe arterial supply of scalp

A

INTERNAL CAROTID BRANCHES
Supratrochlear artery
Supraorbital artery

EXTERNAL CAROTID BRANCHES
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery

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5
Q

Describe venous drainage of the scalp

A 
Supratrochlear vein
Supraorbital vein
Superficial temporal vein
Occipital vein
Posterior auricular vein
Facial vein
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6
Q

What are the branches of the Trigeminal Nerve inervating the face and what parts of the face do they innervate?

A

V1 - ophthalmic nerve innervates area around eyes and above

V2 - maxillary nerve innervates area of the maxillary bone

V3 - mandibular nerve innervates the jaw

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7
Q

Describe the course of arteries supplying the face

A

Facial artery is squiggly and curls around the mandible to supply most of the face

Maxillary artery supplies area surrounding ear

Branches of the superficial temporal artery supply area around orbit

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8
Q

Describe the course of veins draining the face

A

Common facial vein, anterior jugular vein

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9
Q

Main muscles of facial expression and their functions

A

Orbicularis oculi - closes eyelid

Orbicularis oris - closes lips and narrows mouth

Frontalis muscle - raises eyebrows

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10
Q

Discuss the parotid gland

A

Parotid gland is between the mandible and zygomatic arch and is an exocrine gland

Produces saliva which comes out in the duct at above the second molar

It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (parasympathetic)

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11
Q

Describe the relation of the facial nerve to the parotid gland

A

the facial nerve enters the parotid gland where it forms the parotid plexus and splits into five branches

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12
Q

Describe the compartments of the neck

A

Vertebral Compartment; cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

Vascular Compartment; contains major blood vessels and vagus nerve

Visceral Compartment; contains thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus

Musculofascial collar; encloses the other compartments

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13
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the massetter muscle

A

Elevates mandible during bilateral contraction

Cr. N. V - trigeminal V3

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14
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the frontalis muscle

A

Raises eyebrows

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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15
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the orbicularis oculi

A

Closes eyelid

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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16
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the orbicularis oris

A

Closing of lips and narrowing of mouth

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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17
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the mylohyoid

A

Elevates hyoid and tongue

Cr. N. V - trigeminal V3

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18
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the geniohyoid

A

Pulls hyoid bone upward, aids in depression of mandible

Cervical plexus - C1 and C2

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19
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the digastric muscle

  • post
  • ant
A

Lowers the jaw and mandible, elevates hyoid during swallowing

  • Cr. N. VII - facial nerve
  • mylohyoid nerve (V3)
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20
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the omohyoid

A

Moving the hyoid bone

C1-C3; ansa cervicalis

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21
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the stylohyoid

A

Draws hyoid bone backward and elevates tongue

Cr. N. VII - facial nerve

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22
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the sternohyoid muscle

A

Depression of hyoid bone

C1-C3

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23
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the sternothyroid muscle

A

Depression of larynx

C1-C3

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24
Q

Describe the action and innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle

A

Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

C1; hitches a ride on the hypoglossal nerve

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25
Describe the action and innervation of the trapezius muscle
Tilt and turn head and neck, shrug shoulders, twist arms, elevate depress rotate and retract scapula Accessory nerve
26
Describe the action and innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Rotation of head to opposite side and flexion of the neck Cr. N. XI - accessory nerve
27
What are the components of a typical cervical vertebra?
``` Vertebral Body Transverse Process Vertebral Foramen Bifid Spinous Process Superior Articular Facet Transverse Foramen ```
28
Describe the C1 vertebra connection to the skull
The atlas; atlanto-occipital joints (condyloid) connect the condylar and the skull
29
Describe the C2 vertebra connection to the C1
The axis; i.e. what the C1 vertebra (atlas) rotates around The odontoid peg extends upwards and is what the C1 rotates around. This facilitates the movement of rotation in the head. Pivot joint
30
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Superiorly; mandible Posteriorly; sternocleidomastoid muscle Anteriorly; midline of neck
31
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Anteriorly; sternocleidomastoid muscle Posteriorly; trapezius Inferiorly; omohyoid
32
What are the contents of the anterior triangle?
``` Common carotid a. Int & Ext carotid a. Facial a. Facial v. Int. jugular v. Hypoglossal nerves Vagus n. Laryngeal n. Glossopharyngeal n. Submandibular and submental nodes ```
33
What are the contents of the posterior triangle?
``` Accessory n. Cervical nerve plexus Occipital artery Ext. jugular vein Lymph nodes ```
34
What are the further divisions of the anterior triangle?
Submental Digastric/submandibular Carotid Muscular
35
What is within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
36
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
Posterior - digastric muscle Anterior - midline of neck Inferior - body of hyoid bone
37
What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?
Superior - mandible & mastoid process Posterior - digastric & stylohyoid Anterior - digastric
38
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
Superior - digastric Lateral - sternocleidomastoid Inferior - omohyoid
39
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
Anterior - midline of neck Posterior - sternocleidomastoid Superior - omohyoid
40
Describe the pterygopalatine fossa
Bilateral cone-shaped depression extending deep from infratemporal fossa to nasal cavity Borders formed by palatine, maxilla and sphenoid bones
41
Describe the laryngeal nerves
Branches of vagus supplying larynx Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve pierces thyrohyoid membrane above entrance of superior laryngeal artery External branch of superior laryngeal nerve innervates cricothyroid muscle and is closely related to superior pole of the thyroid Recurrent laryngeal nerve has different paths on either side of the body but both supply intrinsic muscles of the larynx
42
Describe the calvaria
Made up of superior portions of the frontal, occipital and parietal bones
43
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
- common carotid artery - vagus nerve - internal jugular vein
44
What is the cervical plexus?
anterior rami C1-4 spinal nerves C1 travels with hypoglossal nerve C1-3 are the ansa cervicalis (beneath sternocleidomastoid)
45
What separates the external and internal carotid arteries?
- styloid process - stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve - pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
46
What is the pathway of the facial artery?
supplies tonsils, descends under body of mandible grooving the submandibular gland and emerging anterior to masseter
47
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid arteries?
Superficial temporal artery | Maxillary artery
48
What is the attachment of the masseter?
Along length of zygomatic arch down to lateral surface of ramus of mandible
49
What is the attachment of the temporalis?
Temporalis attachment is from inferior temporal line down to coronoid process and anteromedial aspect of the ramus of the mandible
50
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial joint - modified hinge Separated by an articular disc Joint is innervated by V3
51
What are the muscles of the styloid process?
- stylohyoid - stylopharyngeus - styloglossus
52
Where does the geniohyoid lie?
Above the mylohyoid innnervated by C1 spinal nerves carried on hypoglossal nerves
53
What is the midline fold under tip of tongue called?
frenulum
54
Describe the tongue.
V-shaped groove is called terminal sulcus and is what separates the anterior 2/3rds fromt he posterior 1/3rd. Midline depression at apex of groove = foramen caecum
55
What do the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Extrinsic - alter position of the tongue Intrinsic - alter shape of tongue
56
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Styloglossus - helps elevate tongue (usually considered a muscle of the palate) Genioglossus - draws tongue forwards and down Hyoglossus - depresses tongue
57
Where does eustachian tube open?
into nasopharynx above superior constrictor
58
What does the falx cerebri separate?
separates cerebral hemispheres
59
What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
The cerebrum and cerebellum
60
What does the falx cerebelli separate?
The cerebellar hemispheres
61
Where does the sagittal suture lie?
Between left and right parietal bones
62
Where does the coronal suture lie?
Between frontal and parietal bones
63
Where does the lamboid suture lie?
Between occipital and parietal bones
64
What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?
``` body pituitary fossa greater wing lesser wing pterygoid plates (seen from inferior) ```
65
What are the parts of the temporal bone?
Squamous; external | Petrous; internal
66
what type of joint is present at the zygomatic arch?
suture
67
What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?
anterior and posterior bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle
68
What provides cutaneous sensation to the scalp and face?
Trigeminal nerve and C2/3
69
in which layer of scalp are blood vessels?
connective tissue layer
70
What is diploe?
Spongy layer separating inner and outer layers of cortical bone in the skull
71
What are emissary veins?
veins connecting extracranial venous system with intracranial venous sinuses
72
What is a dental X-ray?
Orthopantomogram
73
What causes cleft lip?
Failure of the maxillary prominence and the median nasal prominence to fuse
74
Which is the only muscle that doesn't arise from the posterior aspect o orbit?
Inferior oblique
75
Describe innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the eye
``` Ciliaris - accomodation of lens - CrNIII Constrictor pupillae (circular) - constricts pupil - CrNIII Dilator pupillae (radial) - dilates pupil - sympathetic innervation ```
76
Describe innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye
Superior oblique - CrNIV (trochlear) Lateral rectus - CrNVI (abducens) Superior rectus, middle rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique - CrNIII (oculomotor)
77
What ligaments prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?
Medial and lateral check ligaments
78
What muscle elevates the eyelid and where does it lie?
Levator palpebrae superioris | Superior to superior rectus
79
What produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
80
What produces vitreous humour?
cells in non-pigmented portion of ciliary body embryonic mesenchyme cells which degenerate after birth *nature and composition of vitreous humor changes over course of life
81
Describe the anterior segment of the eye
Anterior segment of the eye is the portion from the ciliary body to the cornea Splits into two chambers - anterior chamber; in front of lens - posterior chamber; lens to ciliary body
82
Describe the posterior segment of the eye
Lens to retina | Contains vitreous humor
83
What is the trabecular meshwork?
Are near ciliary body, responsible for draining aqueous humour from the eye via Schlemm's canal
84
What divides the nasal cavity?
Nasal septum; formed from the vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
85
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
The palate; palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones
86
What are the functions of the nose?
- Trap dirt - Respiration - Humidification of inspired air - Olfaction
87
What bones form the lateral walls of the nose?
``` Ethmoid Maxilla (frontal process) Palatine Sphenoid Nasal ```
88
What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?
- Cribriform plate - crista gali - central plate - superior and middle conchae - ethmoid air cells
89
Nasal cavity epithelium
Ciliated psuedostratified columnar
90
What is the space above the superior concha?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
91
Blood supply to the nose
From the branches of ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA) and also ECA branches Venous drainage via a venous plexus
92
What opens into the superior nasal meatus?
Sphenoid sinus and posterior ethomoid air cells
93
What opens into the middle nasal meatus?
Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid air cells
94
What opens into the inferior nasal meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
95
What are the functions of air sinuses?
Humidifying inspired air | Reduce weight of skull
96
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Small space superior and posterior to superior concha Sphenoid and posterior ethmoidal sinus opens into here
97
What air sinus is often indented by tooth sockets?
Maxillary
98
Which air sinus does not open at its most inferior part?
Sphenoidal
99
Innervation of air sinuses
``` Frontal = V1 Maxillary = V2 Sphenoid = V3 ```
100
What important structures are in the nasopharynx?
Collection of lymphoid tissue = adenoid/nasopharyngeal tonsils Eustachian tube
101
Bifurcation of common carotid
Level C3/C4

Anatomy (10 decks)

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