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Anatomy > Neurology and The Brain > Flashcards

Neurology and The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain (prosencehalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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2
Q

What forms from each vesicle of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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3
Q

What forms from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

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4
Q

What forms from the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia

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5
Q

What forms from the mesencephalon?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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6
Q

What forms from the metencephalon?

A

cerebellum, pons

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7
Q

What forms from the myelencephalon?

A

medulla

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8
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

Produces CSF

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9
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles
III ventricle
IV ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct connecting III and IV ventricles

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10
Q

Describe the blood supply to the brain

A

The two ICAs enter skull through carotid canal to supply the brain

Two vertebral arteries (branches of subclavian) also enter skull through foramen magnum to supply brain

Branches of the ICA join those of opposite side and with PCA (branch of basilar artery) to form a continuous circle at the base of the brain

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11
Q

What branches of the ICA supply the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating

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12
Q

What does the vertebro-basilar system comprise of and what does it supply?

A

The two vertebral arteries join together to form a basilar artery on the ventral surface of the brainstem.

This vertebro-basilar system gives branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum.

*At level of midbrain basilar artery divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries

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13
Q

Describe the vascular areas of the brain (i.e. the cerebral artery supply)

A

Anterior cerebral; medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding occipital lobe

Middle cerebral; lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

Posterior cerebral - inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

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14
Q

Describe venous drainage of the brain

A

Superficial and deep veins drain into venous sinuses which lie between 2 layers of dura mater

Dural venous sinuses join and ultimately drain into internal jugular veins

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15
Q

Describe the medulla (oblongata)

A

Cavity is IV ventricle

Continues as spinal cord at level of foramen magnum

Surface features;

  • pyramids and their decussation
  • Olives laterally
  • Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII exit from its surface
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16
Q

What is present in the white matter of the medulla?

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • medial lemniscus
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • other tracts
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17
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the medulla?

A
  • cranial n nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus
  • nuclei of reticular formation (vital centres)
  • sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate)
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18
Q

Describe the pons

A

IV ventricle is posterior to it

Surface features;

  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII originate from its surface
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19
Q

What is present in white matter of the pons?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle (centripetal fibres)
  • medial lemniscus (sensory)
  • pyramidal tract (motor)
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20
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the pons?

A
  • cranial n nuclei
  • pontine nuclei
  • nuclei of reticular formation
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21
Q

Describe the midbrain

A

Develops from mesencephalon

Central cavity = cerebral aqueduct

Surface features;

  • cerebral peduncle
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • superior and inferior colliculi
  • Origin of cranial n III and IV
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22
Q

What is present in a midbrain section?

A

Central cavity - cerebral aqueduct

Periaqueductal grey matter with nucleus for III and IV Cranial nerves

White matetr with embedded nuclei (red nuclei)

Substantia nigra (functionally part of basal ganglia)

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23
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Right and left hemispheres separated by vermis

Each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculondular lobe

Surface has sulci and folia

Three cerebellar peduncles connect it to brainstem

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24
Q

Brodmann Areas 44, 45

A

Broca’s area

  • frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere
  • speech production
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25
Q

Brodmann Areas 3, 1, 2

A

Primary sensory area

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26
Q

Brodmann Area 4

A

Primary motor area

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27
Q

Brodmann Area 17

A

Primary visual cortex

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28
Q

Brodmann Area 22

A

Primary auditory cortex

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29
Q

Brodmann Areas 39, 40

A

Wernicke’s area

  • temporal lobe left side
  • speech comprehension
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30
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

VI, VII, VIII

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31
Q

What is the function of the medullary pyramids?

A

carry motor fibres to spinal cord and brainstem

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32
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

Centripetal fibres

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33
Q

what is the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

vermis

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34
Q

What parts of cerebellum sit atop foramen magnum?

A

Cerebellar tonsils

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35
Q

What is the name of the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

What type of nerve fibres are carried in corpus callosum?

A

Commissural fibres

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37
Q

What parts of vertebrae are removed to open up spinal cord?

A

lamina - laminectomy

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38
Q

What structures might you encounter during a laminectomy?

A

Lamina
Spinor erectae muscles
Denticulate ligament

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39
Q

What vertebral level does spinal cord terminate?

A

Adult; L1/L2

Child; L3/L4

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40
Q

At what vertebral level do the dura and arachnoid matter terminate?

A

S2

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41
Q

What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

becomes filum terminale

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42
Q

At what vertebral level do the internal carotids arise?

A

C4

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43
Q

How does the basilar artery form and to which brainstem part is it most closely related?

A

2 vertebral arteries join at base of skull

Pons

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44
Q

What links the internal carotids to the PCAs?

A

Posterior communicating artery

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45
Q

Which artery connects the ACAs?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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46
Q

In which fissure do each of the cerebral arteries travel?

A

ACA; longitudinal fissure
MCA; lateral sulcus
PCA; pontomedullary junction

47
Q

What part of brain does the vertebro-basilar system supply?

A

Brainstem, occipital lobes, cerebellum

48
Q

Which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to superior cerebellar arteries?

A

PCA

49
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from just above superior cerebellar artery?

A

trigeminal

50
Q

Neural supply to arteries supplying brain

A

Carotid sinus; sensory nerves glossopharyngeal and vagus

Carotid body; sensory glossopharyngeal

Sympathetic motor nerves from superior cervical ganglion; around ICA

51
Q

Venous drainage of the brain

A

Drain into dural venous sinuses

Divided into superficial and deep

Deep; great cerebral vein

52
Q

What are the venous sinuses?

A 
Superior and inferior sagittal
Straight
Transverse
Superior and inferior petrosal
Sigmoid 
Cavernous
53
Q

Connections between intracranial and extracranial veins

A

Superior opthalmic continuous with facial

Emissary veins connect cranial venous sinuses with diploe of skull

Inferior petrosal connected to each other by basilar sinus

54
Q

Branches from which arteries fuse to form anterior spinal artery?

A

vertebral arteries

55
Q

To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?

A

Crista galli and frontal and ethmoid sinus

56
Q

Which dural sinus runs in the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal

57
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs in the lower border of the falx cerebri?

A

inferior sagittal

58
Q

what structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

cerebellum and inferior occipital lobes

59
Q

Two what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach?

A

Anterior clinoid processed of sphenoid bone

60
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along attachment of falx cerebri to tentorium?

A

Straight

61
Q

What is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called?

A

Diaphragma sellae

62
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

Maxillary artery

63
Q

Which foramen does middle meningeal artery enter skull from?

A

foramen spinosum

64
Q

Within which structure is maxillary artery given off?

A

parotid gland

65
Q

What embryological structures form the ventricles?

A

Forebrain and hindbrain

66
Q

What name is given to structures which generate CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses

67
Q

How does CSF pass from 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space?

A

Via 3 small apertures; 1 medial and 2 lateral

68
Q

what makes the indentations either side of the groove for the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Transverse sinus

69
Q

What are the four parts of the corpus callosum?

A

rostrum
genu
body
splenium; posteriorly

70
Q

What separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

Continuous superiorly with corpus callosum and inferiorly with fornix

71
Q

What is the fornix?

A

bundle of fibres connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

72
Q

What is the bulbous projection on the floor of the lateral ventricle?

A

caudate nucleus

73
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay centre made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei

Most sensory info relates to ventro-postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus

74
Q

What constitute basal ganglia (seen on transverse section)?

A

Caudate and lentiform nuclei

75
Q

What is the name given to fibres that connect cerebral hemispheres with other parts of the brain?

A

Projection fibres

76
Q

Which artery supplies Internal capsule?

A

MCA

77
Q

On staining how does white matter appear?

A

Darkly stained; remember grey matter centrally and white peripherally

78
Q

How can you identify which part a section of spinal cord comes from?

A

Thoracic has narrower grey matter

Lumbar is more ‘perfect’ looking proportionally

Cervical is wider; appearing stretched

Sacral has LARGE grey matter

79
Q

What is the central hole in spinal cord called and lined with?

A

Central canal

Ependymal cells

80
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve exit skull?

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

81
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?

A

Optic canal

82
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

83
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

84
Q

Where does the ophthalmic nerve exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

85
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve exit the skull?

A

foramen rotundum

86
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve exit the skull?

A

foramen ovale

87
Q

Where does the abducens nerve exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

88
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

internal acoustic meatus

89
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull?

A

internal acoustic meatus

90
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen

91
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen

92
Q

Where does the accessory nerve exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen

93
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal

94
Q

What is the blood supply to the olfactory nerve?

A

ACA

95
Q

What is the blood supply to the optic nerve?

A

ophthalmic artery; PCA

96
Q

What is the blood supply to the oculomotor nerve?

A

PCA and superior cerebellar a

97
Q

What is the blood supply to the trochlear nerve?

A

PCA and superior cerebellar a

98
Q

What is the blood supply to the trigeminal nerve?

A

Potine arteries; basilar a

99
Q

What is the blood supply to the abducens nerve?

A

Pontine arteries; basilar a

100
Q

What is the blood supply to the facial nerve?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar a

101
Q

What is the blood supply to the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar a

102
Q

What is the blood supply to the glossopharngeal nerve?

A

middle meningeal a

103
Q

What is the blood supply to the vagus nerve?

A

middle meningeal a

104
Q

What is the blood supply to the accessory nerve?

A

posterior inferior cerebellar a

105
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypoglossal nerve?

A

anterior spinal artery, vertebral a

106
Q

What is the blood supply to the thalamus?

A

PCA

107
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

ACA
AcommA
PcommA
PCA

108
Q

What is the blood supply to the pineal gland?

A

PCA

109
Q

What is the blood supply to the internal capsule?

A

MCA

110
Q

What is the blood supply to the corpus callosum?

A

ACA

PCA

111
Q

What is the blood supply to the midbrain?

A

Vertebrobasilar circulation

112
Q

What is the blood supply to the pons?

A

Basilar artery

113
Q

What is the blood supply to the medulla?

A

Vertebral artery branches

Anatomy (10 decks)

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