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Neurology and The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain (prosencehalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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2
Q

What forms from each vesicle of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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3
Q

What forms from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

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4
Q

What forms from the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia

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5
Q

What forms from the mesencephalon?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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6
Q

What forms from the metencephalon?

A

cerebellum, pons

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7
Q

What forms from the myelencephalon?

A

medulla

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8
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

Produces CSF

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9
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles
III ventricle
IV ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct connecting III and IV ventricles

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10
Q

Describe the blood supply to the brain

A

The two ICAs enter skull through carotid canal to supply the brain

Two vertebral arteries (branches of subclavian) also enter skull through foramen magnum to supply brain

Branches of the ICA join those of opposite side and with PCA (branch of basilar artery) to form a continuous circle at the base of the brain

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11
Q

What branches of the ICA supply the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating

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12
Q

What does the vertebro-basilar system comprise of and what does it supply?

A

The two vertebral arteries join together to form a basilar artery on the ventral surface of the brainstem.

This vertebro-basilar system gives branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum.

*At level of midbrain basilar artery divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries

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13
Q

Describe the vascular areas of the brain (i.e. the cerebral artery supply)

A

Anterior cerebral; medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding occipital lobe

Middle cerebral; lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

Posterior cerebral - inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

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14
Q

Describe venous drainage of the brain

A

Superficial and deep veins drain into venous sinuses which lie between 2 layers of dura mater

Dural venous sinuses join and ultimately drain into internal jugular veins

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15
Q

Describe the medulla (oblongata)

A

Cavity is IV ventricle

Continues as spinal cord at level of foramen magnum

Surface features;

  • pyramids and their decussation
  • Olives laterally
  • Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII exit from its surface
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16
Q

What is present in the white matter of the medulla?

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • medial lemniscus
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • other tracts
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17
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the medulla?

A
  • cranial n nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus
  • nuclei of reticular formation (vital centres)
  • sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate)
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18
Q

Describe the pons

A

IV ventricle is posterior to it

Surface features;

  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII originate from its surface
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19
Q

What is present in white matter of the pons?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle (centripetal fibres)
  • medial lemniscus (sensory)
  • pyramidal tract (motor)
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20
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the pons?

A
  • cranial n nuclei
  • pontine nuclei
  • nuclei of reticular formation
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21
Q

Describe the midbrain

A

Develops from mesencephalon

Central cavity = cerebral aqueduct

Surface features;

  • cerebral peduncle
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • superior and inferior colliculi
  • Origin of cranial n III and IV
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22
Q

What is present in a midbrain section?

A

Central cavity - cerebral aqueduct

Periaqueductal grey matter with nucleus for III and IV Cranial nerves

White matetr with embedded nuclei (red nuclei)

Substantia nigra (functionally part of basal ganglia)

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23
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Right and left hemispheres separated by vermis

Each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculondular lobe

Surface has sulci and folia

Three cerebellar peduncles connect it to brainstem

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24
Q

Brodmann Areas 44, 45

A

Broca’s area

  • frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere
  • speech production
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25
Brodmann Areas 3, 1, 2
Primary sensory area
26
Brodmann Area 4
Primary motor area
27
Brodmann Area 17
Primary visual cortex
28
Brodmann Area 22
Primary auditory cortex
29
Brodmann Areas 39, 40
Wernicke's area - temporal lobe left side - speech comprehension
30
Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?
VI, VII, VIII
31
What is the function of the medullary pyramids?
carry motor fibres to spinal cord and brainstem
32
What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?
Centripetal fibres
33
what is the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?
vermis
34
What parts of cerebellum sit atop foramen magnum?
Cerebellar tonsils
35
What is the name of the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
36
What type of nerve fibres are carried in corpus callosum?
Commissural fibres
37
What parts of vertebrae are removed to open up spinal cord?
lamina - laminectomy
38
What structures might you encounter during a laminectomy?
Lamina Spinor erectae muscles Denticulate ligament
39
What vertebral level does spinal cord terminate?
Adult; L1/L2 Child; L3/L4
40
At what vertebral level do the dura and arachnoid matter terminate?
S2
41
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?
becomes filum terminale
42
At what vertebral level do the internal carotids arise?
C4
43
How does the basilar artery form and to which brainstem part is it most closely related?
2 vertebral arteries join at base of skull Pons
44
What links the internal carotids to the PCAs?
Posterior communicating artery
45
Which artery connects the ACAs?
Anterior communicating artery
46
In which fissure do each of the cerebral arteries travel?
ACA; longitudinal fissure MCA; lateral sulcus PCA; pontomedullary junction
47
What part of brain does the vertebro-basilar system supply?
Brainstem, occipital lobes, cerebellum
48
Which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to superior cerebellar arteries?
PCA
49
Which cranial nerve arises from just above superior cerebellar artery?
trigeminal
50
Neural supply to arteries supplying brain
Carotid sinus; sensory nerves glossopharyngeal and vagus Carotid body; sensory glossopharyngeal Sympathetic motor nerves from superior cervical ganglion; around ICA
51
Venous drainage of the brain
Drain into dural venous sinuses Divided into superficial and deep Deep; great cerebral vein
52
What are the venous sinuses?
``` Superior and inferior sagittal Straight Transverse Superior and inferior petrosal Sigmoid Cavernous ```
53
Connections between intracranial and extracranial veins
Superior opthalmic continuous with facial Emissary veins connect cranial venous sinuses with diploe of skull Inferior petrosal connected to each other by basilar sinus
54
Branches from which arteries fuse to form anterior spinal artery?
vertebral arteries
55
To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?
Crista galli and frontal and ethmoid sinus
56
Which dural sinus runs in the upper border of the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal
57
Which dural venous sinus runs in the lower border of the falx cerebri?
inferior sagittal
58
what structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?
cerebellum and inferior occipital lobes
59
Two what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach?
Anterior clinoid processed of sphenoid bone
60
Which dural venous sinus runs along attachment of falx cerebri to tentorium?
Straight
61
What is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called?
Diaphragma sellae
62
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?
Maxillary artery
63
Which foramen does middle meningeal artery enter skull from?
foramen spinosum
64
Within which structure is maxillary artery given off?
parotid gland
65
What embryological structures form the ventricles?
Forebrain and hindbrain
66
What name is given to structures which generate CSF?
Choroid plexuses
67
How does CSF pass from 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space?
Via 3 small apertures; 1 medial and 2 lateral
68
what makes the indentations either side of the groove for the superior sagittal sinus?
Transverse sinus
69
What are the four parts of the corpus callosum?
rostrum genu body splenium; posteriorly
70
What separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum Continuous superiorly with corpus callosum and inferiorly with fornix
71
What is the fornix?
bundle of fibres connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
72
What is the bulbous projection on the floor of the lateral ventricle?
caudate nucleus
73
What is the thalamus?
Sensory relay centre made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei Most sensory info relates to ventro-postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus
74
What constitute basal ganglia (seen on transverse section)?
Caudate and lentiform nuclei
75
What is the name given to fibres that connect cerebral hemispheres with other parts of the brain?
Projection fibres
76
Which artery supplies Internal capsule?
MCA
77
On staining how does white matter appear?
Darkly stained; remember grey matter centrally and white peripherally
78
How can you identify which part a section of spinal cord comes from?
Thoracic has narrower grey matter Lumbar is more 'perfect' looking proportionally Cervical is wider; appearing stretched Sacral has LARGE grey matter
79
What is the central hole in spinal cord called and lined with?
Central canal | Ependymal cells
80
Where does the olfactory nerve exit skull?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
81
Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?
Optic canal
82
Where does the oculomotor nerve exit the skull?
superior orbital fissure
83
Where does the trochlear nerve exit the skull?
Superior orbital fissure
84
Where does the ophthalmic nerve exit the skull?
superior orbital fissure
85
Where does the maxillary nerve exit the skull?
foramen rotundum
86
Where does the mandibular nerve exit the skull?
foramen ovale
87
Where does the abducens nerve exit the skull?
superior orbital fissure
88
Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?
internal acoustic meatus
89
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull?
internal acoustic meatus
90
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?
jugular foramen
91
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
jugular foramen
92
Where does the accessory nerve exit the skull?
jugular foramen
93
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?
hypoglossal canal
94
What is the blood supply to the olfactory nerve?
ACA
95
What is the blood supply to the optic nerve?
ophthalmic artery; PCA
96
What is the blood supply to the oculomotor nerve?
PCA and superior cerebellar a
97
What is the blood supply to the trochlear nerve?
PCA and superior cerebellar a
98
What is the blood supply to the trigeminal nerve?
Potine arteries; basilar a
99
What is the blood supply to the abducens nerve?
Pontine arteries; basilar a
100
What is the blood supply to the facial nerve?
anterior inferior cerebellar a
101
What is the blood supply to the vestibulocochlear nerve?
anterior inferior cerebellar a
102
What is the blood supply to the glossopharngeal nerve?
middle meningeal a
103
What is the blood supply to the vagus nerve?
middle meningeal a
104
What is the blood supply to the accessory nerve?
posterior inferior cerebellar a
105
What is the blood supply to the hypoglossal nerve?
anterior spinal artery, vertebral a
106
What is the blood supply to the thalamus?
PCA
107
What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?
ACA AcommA PcommA PCA
108
What is the blood supply to the pineal gland?
PCA
109
What is the blood supply to the internal capsule?
MCA
110
What is the blood supply to the corpus callosum?
ACA | PCA
111
What is the blood supply to the midbrain?
Vertebrobasilar circulation
112
What is the blood supply to the pons?
Basilar artery
113
What is the blood supply to the medulla?
Vertebral artery branches

Anatomy (10 decks)

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