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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sells turcica of sphenoid bone, about 1cm below optic chiasm

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2
Q

What is the visual defect caused by enlargement of the pituitary?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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3
Q

How are the pituitary and hypothalamus connected?

A

Via the infandibulum (pituitary stalk)

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4
Q

Describe the pituitary gland

A

Splits into anterior and posterior lobes

The anterior is the larger of the two, making up 2/3 of the gland, the posterior 1/3

Anterior pituitary is glandular and manufactures hormones

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5
Q

Describe the histology of the pituitary gland

A

With H&E stain the anterior pituitary stains dark, while the posterior stains light

The anterior has 3 cell types

  • acidophilic (again pink)
  • basophilic (again purple)
  • chromophobic (hardly stain, appear clear/pale)
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6
Q

What are the secretions of the different types of chromophils?

A

Acidophilic

  • somatotropin
  • Prolactin

Basophilic

  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • LH
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7
Q

What are the secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?

A

Non-myelinated axons

Neurosecretory cells

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8
Q

Describe blood supply to the pituitary

A

Branches of the ICA

  • superior hypophyseal artery supplies AP
  • inferior hypophyseal artery supplies PP
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9
Q

Describe venous drainage of the pituitary

A

Through hypophyseal veins to the cavernous sinus

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10
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Vertebral level C5-T1 between thyroid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

Isthmus lies between 2nd-4th tracheal rings

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11
Q

What strap muscles overly the thyroid?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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12
Q

What nerves supply the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal (loops around sorta) and superior laryngeal nerve

Superior laryngeal splits into external and internal branches

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13
Q

Describe blood supply to the thyroid gland

A

ECAs give off superior thyroid arteries

Subclavian arteries give off inferior thyroid arteries

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14
Q

Describe venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A

Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into IJV

Inferior thyroid veins drain into brachiocephalic

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15
Q

Describe thyroid gland histology

A

Cavities surrounded by follicular (secretory) cells

Cavities contain colloid = thyroid hormones bound to thyroglobulin

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin

17
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands situated?

A

Medial half of posterior surface of each thyroid lobe

Most people have four

Superior are at level of inferior border of cricothyroid, inferior position varies

They are separated from thyroid gland by thing fibroid capsule

18
Q

Parathyroid histology

A

Differentiated from thyroid gland by think capsule

At high power may see two cell types

  • chief cells (more numerous and darker staining)
  • oxyphil cells
19
Q

Describe the suprarenal glands

A

Retroperitoneal endocrine glands located superior to kidney

Each has 2 parts: cortex and medulla

20
Q

Embryologically what did the two parts of the suprarenal glands derive from?

A

Cortex: mesodermal epithelium

Medulla: neuroectoderm

21
Q

Describe blood supply to the suprarenal glands

A

Suprarenal arteries arise from the inferior phrenic and renal arteries as well as the aorta

22
Q

Describe suprarenal venous drainage

A

Right suprarenal vein drains directly to IVC

Left suprarenal vein drains in to left renal vein

23
Q

Describe the adrenal cortex

A

3 layers

Zona glomerulosa: secretes mineralocorticoids

Zona fasciculata: secretes glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis: secretes androgens

24
Q

Describe adrenal medulla connections for secretion

A

Connected to ovoid chromaffin cells which secrete Adrenalin and noradrenalin

25
Q

Describe mineralocorticoids

A

Secretes by zona glomerulosa

I.e aldosterone

26
Q

Describe glucocorticoids

A

Secretes by zona fasciculata

I.e cortisol

27
Q

Describe androgens

A

Secreted by zona reticularis

I.e testosterone

28
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal

Has head, body, tail

Head related to duodenum, tail related to spleen

29
Q

Blood supply of pancreas

A

Branches of splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery

Gastroduodenal artery gives off superior pancreatoduodenal arteries

Inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries come off of SMA

30
Q

Pancreatic histology

A

Both exocrine (acini) and endocrine (islets of Langerhaans)

Islets cells include

  • alpha cells (glucagon)
  • beta cells (insulin)
  • delta cells (somatostatin)
  • F cells (pancreatic polypeptides)

Anatomy (10 decks)

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