Renal

Question 1

Retroperitoneal structures

Answer 1

Supradrenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum

Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (not transverse)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

Question 2

Kidney embedding medium

Answer 2

Gerota fascia

Question 3

BPH vs. cancer in urinary retention

Answer 3

BPH is transitional epithelium around the urethra (early urinary retention)
Cancer is outer cells so no retention until late

Question 4

60-40-20 rule of fluid weight

Answer 4

TBW-60 (heavy water assay)
ICF-40
ECF-20 (inulin/mannitol assay)
(ECF is 75% interstitial and 25% plasma (radio-albumin assay))

Question 5

Cardiac output and renal flow

Answer 5

Average cardiac output is 5L/min

25% goes to the kidneys

Question 6

Urinary glucose resorption

Answer 6

Over 200 mg/dL start splay

Over 350 mg/dL true transport maximum

Question 7

PTH effect on proximal tubule and early distal convoluted tubule

Answer 7

Activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP and inhibit Na-phosphate cotransport

Can measure cAMP in urine
PTH puts PO4 in Pee

Increases Ca absorption in eDCT

Question 8

Four factors stimulating renin release

Answer 8

1) Fall in BP sensed by the JGA
2) increased renal parasympathetic activity
3) B1 adrenergic stimulation
4) decreased sodium delivery to macula densa

Question 9

Three mechanisms of angiotensin II

Answer 9

1) generalized blood vessel constriction (especially efferent)
2) activation of aldosterone
3) stimulation of Na-H exchange at the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

ADH secretion stimulus

Answer 10

1) osmolarity (most important)

2) blood pressure

Question 11

Degree of acid-base compensation

Answer 11

Never complete back to 7.40

If normal then secondary opposite process at play

Question 12

Delta/delta analysis of mixed anion gap disorder

Answer 12

F

Question 13

Lucent kidney stones

Answer 13

DNA related
Xanthine and uric acid
treat with urine alkalinization (k-citrate)

Question 14

analgesic nephropathy

Answer 14

tubulointerstitial nephritis
WBC casts
can cause decreased blood flow and papilla necrosis
sloughing can cause blockage

Question 15

FSGS association

Answer 15

Usually african american or hispanic
heroin or IVDU
Obesity

Question 16

Membranous nephropathy association

Answer 16

adenocarcinoma (lung, breast)
NSAIDs
HBV
SLE

Question 17

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis association

Answer 17

HBC
HCV
Lipodystrophy

Question 18

minimal change disease ADULTS

Answer 18

lymphomas

Question 19

primary renal nephrotic syndromes

Answer 19

1) FSGS (#1)
2) membranous (#2)
3) membranoproliferative
4) minimal change
5) IgA nephropathy

Question 20

IgA nephropathy

Answer 20

1-2 days after onset of URI
Complement normal
(unlike post strep where C3 is low)