Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MedY3 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of kidney stones

A

Calcium oxalate: radio opaque. Also most common
Struvite: radio opaque
Urate: non radio opaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fever
Point tenderness- Murphy’s kidney punch positive
Vomiting
(3ps- purging pyrexia pain)

A

Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Severe loin to groin pain
Nausea
Vomiting

A

Nephrolithiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rule of thumb for CT-KUB and renal ultrasound

A

CT-KUB for kidney pathologies

Renal U/S for below kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IgA Nephropathy vs Post Strep nephritis

A

Post Strep infection: renal onset is WEEKS post infection.

IgA Nephropathy: days after infection or SYNPHARYNGITIC. Recurrence is likely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transitional zone hyperplasia

A

BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Three cardinal symptoms of an UTI

A

Fever
Urgency
Dysuria

(FUD + suprapubic pain + haematuria = cystitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

A

Diabetic nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Solid organ cancers with nephrotic syndrome

A

Membranous GN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 5 functions of the kidney

A 
Excretion of water and waste products
Red blood cell production 
Bone and calcium and phosphate metabolism 
Blood pressure control 
Water pH and electrolyte balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Multiple round cannonball metastasis in lungs:

A

Renal Cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Top 8 common causes of Chronic Kidney Disease:

A
  1. DM
  2. HTN
  3. GN
  4. PCKD
  5. Reflux Nephropathy
  6. Vascular - infarcts or stenosis
  7. Obstruction - BPH, calculus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common signs and symptoms of CKD

A

Common: asymptomatic, fatigue, HTN, oedema (respiratory crackles, increase JVP, peripheral oedema)
Less common: uraemia, n/v, LOA, decrease urine output
Very uncommon: asterixis, pruritus, pleurisy, hiccups (due to irritation of diaphragm from toxic urea build up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Top 5 complications of CKD

A
  1. Electrolyte dyscrasia (in particular K+, HCO3-)
  2. HPT / fluid overload
  3. Anaemia
  4. CKD - MBD (metabolic bone disease) osteodystrophy
    - - high phosphate, leading to low serum Ca, ppt
    - -Vit D to a lesser extent, decreases Ca absorption
  5. Cardiovascular risk management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of CKD top priorities

A
  1. HTN control and MANAGE DM/ PCKD/ UTI
  2. ACEi/ARB
  3. Prevent insults
  4. Treat complications
  5. Preparation of dialysis - discuss dialysis transplant etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Indications for dialysis

A 
AEIOU
Intractable Acidosis 
Electrolyte disarray (K+, Na+, Ca++)
Intoxicants (methanol, Li, ASA)
Intractable fluid overload 
Uraemia symptoms (nausea, seizure, pericarditis)
17
Q

What 3 conditions are associated with PCKD (dominant)?

A

Mitral valve prolapse
Hepatic cysts - pancreas, ovary, testes
Berry aneurysm –> subarachnoid Hx (thunderclap headache)

18
Q

Investigations for ESRF?

A

eGFR, UEC
Urinary ACR (urinary albumin)
Blood pressure

19
Q

First sign of decreased function of kidneys?

A

Microalbuminaemia

Unable to be picked up with dipstick

20
Q

Post renal transplant three classes of drugs:

A

Calcineurin inhibitor (tacrolimus)
Anti-metabolite (azathioprine, mycophenolate)
Prednisolone

21
Q

Treatment of CKD

A 
Treat reversible cause 
Limit progression 
- Hypertension (ACE/ARB)
- renal bone disease - give phosphate binders, VIt D analogue, avoid in food
Symptom control
-treat anaemia 
- treat acidosis 
- treat oedema 
- treat hyperkalaemia 
Dialysis and transplantation
22
Q

Treatment of Hyperkalaemia [K+]5.0

A

Calcium gluconate - stabilises heart membrane
Insulin dextrose - increase intracellular uptake
SABA - increase intracellular uptake
Frusemide - increase excretion
Resonium - K+ gut binder, increase excretion

23
Q

Types of Dialysis

A

Haemodialysis
- Non-tunnelled catheter (10 days, 1 use)
- Tunnelled catheter - permacath (weeks to months)
- Fistula
Peritoneal Dialysis
- Tenckhoff catheter

24
Q

Complications of CKD (top 5)

A

Renal bone disease (initiated by phosphate retention)
Vascular calcification (calcification of arteries, CAD–> decrease efficacy of BB and NO as smooth muscle loss)
Anaemia of CKD (Starts in Stage III, normocytic normochromic anaemia. Treat by correcting B12, Fe, folate first then give EPO)
HTN (Caused by sodium retention, treat with ACEi/ARB)
Uraemia (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, twitching, convulsions, coma, sallow look, Uraemic pericarditis and encephalopathy)

25
Q

HIGH urea and normal creatinine indicate what?

A

GIT bleeding - increase protein breakdown with nitrogenous waste but normal kidney function.
Ddx: Ulcer

26
Q

Female presents with HTN, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.

A

Conn’s syndrome - hyperaldosteronism.

Mechanism: H+ K+ intracellular/extra cellular exchange.

27
Q

Elevated catecholamines in 24 hour urine

A

Phaeochromocytoma

28
Q

ED with severe headache, , fundal haemorrhage and papilloedema and BP of 220/45

A

Malignant hypertension

29
Q

Two main causes of renal stenosis

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia + artherosclerosis

30
Q

Earliest manifestation of diabetes on renal function?

A

Increased glomerular filtration rate
- vascular dysfunction, capillary hypertension
(Microalbuminaemia also)

31
Q

Long term dialysis associations

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome
Bleeding tendency
Bone fracture
Aluminium toxicity

32
Q

Treatment of nephrotic syndrome

A

Anti coagulation due to procoagulable state

33
Q

Pyelonpehritis empirical treatment

A

Gentamicin and Ampicillin

If mild - treat with cephalexin, augmentin in out patient

34
Q

Signs and symptoms of Prostate hypertrophy

A 
FUNWISE 
Frequency 
Urgency 
Nocturia 
Weakness 
Intermittent stream 
Straining 
Emptying incompleteness
35
Q

Presentation of bladder cancer - and cell type

A

Haematuria and constitutional symptoms. Cancer of the transitional cell type, commonly caused by environmental exposure.
Gold standard Ix: cystoscope can also use IV pyelogram showing filling defect. Can also use mycobacterium + chemo to treat.
Complication: Metastases + obstruction

36
Q

Most common kidney stones in the world

A

Calcium most common in developed world
Struvite most common in developing world (from recurrent UTI)
Pure uric acid stones cannot be seen on imaging

37
Q

Risk factor of kidney stones.

A 
Chronic dehydration 
LOW calcium diet 
High protein alcohol diet 
Recurrent UTIs 
Multiple Myeloma 
Hypercalcaemia

MedY3 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions