Renal Flashcards
What three muscles are posterior to the kidneys?
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
Transversus abdominis
What three layers surround the kidney? (deep to superficial)
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
Where do the renal arteries arise?
From abdominal aorta, just inferior to the SMA
Between L1 and L2
What three arteries supply the adrenal glands?
Superior suprarenal artery
Middle suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery
Where do the superior suprarenal arteries branch from?
Inferior phrenic arteries
Where do the middle suprarenal arteries arise from?
Directly from abdominal aorta
Where do the inferior suprarenal arteries branch from?
Branches off renal arteries which pass upward to the adrenal glands
What hormones does the adrenal medulla release?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Which zone secretes aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
What type of hormones, and name them, does the zone fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids:
Cortisol
Corticosterone
What does the zone reticularis produce?
Testosterone
What haematopoietic growth factor do the kidneys produce?
Erythropoietin
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaposition of distal convoluted tubule, squeezed between afferent and efferent arterioles
What do macula densa do?
Sense sodium concentration and tubular fluid flow in the tubular filtrate and feed back to the juxtaglomerular cells accordingly
What is the definition of haematuria?
Excretion of 3 or more RBCs per high powered field in freshly voided urine
What are the two types of haematuria?
Macroscopic (frank)
Microscopic
Name medical renal causes of haematuria.
Glomerulonephritis Autoimmune/vasculitis (SLE, Wegners) Genetic (sickle cell, polycystic kidneys) Infections (TB) Diabetes Amyloidosis