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Medicine > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

How does type 2 diabetes often present?

A

Polyuria
Thirst
Tiredness

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2
Q

What are the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?

A

Fasting plasma glucose > 7.0mmol/l
Random plasma glucose >11.1mmol/l
-One abnormally result diagnostic for symptomatic individuals and two values needed in asymptomatic people.

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3
Q

What diet should be advised for type 2 diabetes?

A

Low in sugar
High in starchy carbohydrate
High in fibre
Low in fat

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4
Q

What else should be advised with a good diet?

A

Exercise

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5
Q

What type of drug is metformin?

A

Biguanide

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6
Q

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Metformin

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7
Q

How does metformin work?

A

Reduces rate of gluconeogenesis

Increases insulin sensitivity

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8
Q

Why is metformin particularly useful in treating type 2 diabetes in overweight people?

A

Does not induce hypoglycaemia and so does not predispose to weight gain

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9
Q

What are the major side effects of metformin?

A

GI disturbances

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10
Q

Name some sulphonylureas.

A

Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Tolbutamide
Glipizide

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11
Q

How do sulphonylureas work?

A

Act on beta-cells to promote insulin secretion

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12
Q

What are the side effects of sulphonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Weight gain

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13
Q

Which sulphonylurea is used in the elderly and why?

A

Tolbutamide

Has a short half-life

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14
Q

What type of drug is pioglitazone?

A

Thiazolidinediones (or glitazones)

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15
Q

How does pioglitazone work?

A

Potentiates effect of endogenous and injected insulin

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16
Q

What are the side effects of glitazones?

A 
Weight gain
Fluid retention
Increased risk of heart failure
Anaemia
Osteoporosis
17
Q

Name the two meglitinides.

A

Repaglinide

Nateglinide

18
Q

How do meglitinides work?

A

Are insulin secretagogues

19
Q

How to meglitinides act?

A

Act via closure of the K+-ATP channel in beta-cells

20
Q

Does IV or oral glucose initiate a greater insulin response? And why?

A

Oral glucose

Due to the incretin effect

21
Q

What is the incretin effect?

A

Release of two peptide hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) from L cells in the intestine

22
Q

What incretin therapies are there?

A

Exenatide

Liraglutide

Medicine (19 decks)

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