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Medicine > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

An increase in what turns on the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A

Blood glucose - from eating

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2
Q

What two hormones does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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3
Q

What two areas of the hypothalamus are involved in the regulation of food intake?

A

Arcuate nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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4
Q

Why is the arcuate nucleus a privileged site?

A

It can sample the peripheral circulation through semi-permeable capillaries in the underlying median eminence

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5
Q

What is the PVN adjacent to?

A

The superior part of the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamus

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6
Q

What turns on the lateral hypothalamus?

A

A decrease in blood glucose - when someone is hungry

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7
Q

What does a lesion of the VMH lead to?

A

Hyperphagia - excessive eating or increase appetite

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8
Q

What is leptin and what is it produced by?

A

Adipostat - produced by adipose tissue

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9
Q

What are leptin levels proportional to?

A

Body fat

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10
Q

Which part of the brain does leptin act on?

A

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the effect of leptin on the brain?

A

Inhibits circuits that stimulate eating and activate circuits that increase energy expenditure

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12
Q

For which receptor is ghrelin an endogenous ligand for?

A

Growth hormone secratogogue receptor (GHS-R)

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13
Q

What is the effect of insulin in the CNS?

A

Reduction in food intake

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14
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

The fundus of the stomach

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15
Q

What are the two effects of ghrelin?

A

Stimulate growth hormone

Increase food intake

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16
Q

What secretes peptide YY and when is it secreted?

A

From endocrine L cells of the small and large bowel

Release into circulation after meals

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17
Q

What does peptide YY do?

A

Inhibits food intake

18
Q

What is co-secreted with peptide YY?

A

Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)

19
Q

What does GLP-1 do?

A

Inhibits feeding
Enhances insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon secretion

20
Q

What releases neuropeptide Y?

A

Neurons that extend from arcuate nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus

21
Q

What stimulates secretion of neuropeptide Y?

A

Low leptin and insulin levels

22
Q

What does neuropeptide Y do?

A

Stimulates food intake

23
Q

When is there a rapid increase of neuropeptide Y in the PVN?

A

Before mealtimes and they remain elevated as long as food is withheld

24
Q

How does neuropeptide stimulate feeding?

A

Through activation of Y1 and Y5 receptors

25
Q

How does AgRP increase food intake?

A

Through antagonism of the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors and thus block action of anorexigenic agonist alpha-MSH

26
Q

Are the effects of AgRP short- or long-lived?

A

Long-lived

27
Q

Where is AgRP exclusively found?

A

In neurons of arcuate nucleus

28
Q

What do virtually all AgRP neurone co-secrete?

A

Neuropeptide Y

29
Q

What are neuropeptide Y/AgRP neurons inhibited by?

A

Leptin

Insulin

30
Q

What are neuropeptide Y/AgRP neurons activated by?

A

Ghrelin

31
Q

What does alpha-MSH stand for, and what is it also known as?

A

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, also known as alpha-melanocortin

32
Q

What stimulates the release of melanocortin?

A

Leptin

33
Q

What does melanocortin do?

A

Inhibit food intake

34
Q

What are melanocortins derived from?

A

Precursor molecule proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

35
Q

What does POMC give rise to in the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH

36
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis

37
Q

What is co-expressed with POMC in the arcuate nucleus?

A

cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated-transcipt (CART)

38
Q

What are classed as anorexigenic peptides?

A

CART

alpha-MSH

39
Q

In regards to serotonin, what drugs cause reduction in feeding?

A

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of serotonin or agonists of 5-HT receptors

40
Q

In terms of regulating appetite, what are the 3 important subregions of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral
Ventromedial
Arcuate nucleus

41
Q

What region of the brain is thought to “know” your weight set point?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

42
Q

What does a lesion of the lateral hypothalamus cause?

A

A decline in body weight

Medicine (19 decks)

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