Antibiotics Flashcards
What two things destroy penicillin?
beta-lactamases
amidases
What is a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin?
Methicillin
Flucloxacillin
Temocillin
Name two broad-spectrum penicillins.
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Name infections a cephalosporin would be used to treat.
Septicaemia
Meningitis
Biliary tract infection
Sinusitis
What is aztreonam used to treat?
Pseudomonas infections
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
(all Gram-neg bacteria)
What type of antibiotic is vancomycin?
Glycopeptide
How does vancomycin act on bacteria?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
How do beta-lactams kill bacteria?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis or function
Name the sub-categories of beta-lactams.
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
How do quinolines kill bacteria?
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase with or without topoisomerase IV
How does metronidazole kill bacteria?
Creates free radicals which damage bacterial DNA through interaction
Which antibiotics interact with the 50s subunit of bacterial ribosomes leading to inhibition of protein synthesis?
Macrolides Clindamycin Linezolid Streptogramins Chloramphenicol
Which antibiotics interact with the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes leading to inhibition of protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Tigecycline
What are the most commonly used antibiotic type?
Beta-lactams
Name five cephalosporins.
Cephalexin Cefazolin Cefotetan Ceftriaxone Cefepime
Name the carbapenems.
Metropenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem
What type of antibiotic is aztreonam?
Monobactam
What is the most common type of bacteria that produce beta-lactamases?
Gram-negative bacteria
What is amoxiclav (augmentin) a combination of?
Amoxicillin and clavulonic acid (beta-lactamase inhibitor)
What is penicillin good for treating?
Streptococcal infection
Also has fair coverage of enterococcus and anaerobes
What is amoxicillin primarily used for treating?
Enterococcus and anaerobe infections
Can also cover gram-negative bacteria if used in conjunction with beta-lactamase inhibitor
What infection would cephalexin treat?
Gram-positive infections
Also has fair coverage of gram-negative bacteria
What do carbapenems not cover?
MRSA Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus Acinetobacter Stenotrophomonas Atypicals
What carbapenems are active against pseudomonas?
Imipenem
Meropenem
Name 3 quinolones.
Ciprafloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
What should quinolines not be taken with?
Antacids, and cations such as iron and calcium
Which type of antibiotic have poor CNS penetration?
Quinolones
What infections is ciprafloxacin good to treat?
Gram-negative bacteria
Pseudomonas
Also has fair coverage of atypicals and MSSA
What is levofloxacin used to treat?
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Atypicals
Also have fair coverage of pseudomonas
What infections are amino glycosides most commonly used to treat?
Serious infections caused by aerobic gram-negative rods, includes pseudomonas
Name 3 aminoglycosides.
Gentamycin
Tobramycin
Amikacin
When should amino glycosides not be used?
In nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neuromuscular blockade
Which gram-positive series of bacteria are natural penicillins (i.e. penicillin G) not good for?
Staphylococcus bacteria
Name 2 macrolides.
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Name an antibiotic type used if someone is allergic to penicillin.
Macrolide
