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Medicine > MHS > Flashcards

MHS Flashcards

1
Q

How is cystic fibrosis passed on?

A

Recessively inherited Mendelian single gene disorder

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2
Q

How is Huntington’s disease passed on?

A

Dominantly inherited Mendelian disease

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3
Q

What is the most common of all inherited colon cancers and how is it passed on?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Dominantly inherited

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4
Q

What are the five stages of grief?

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
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5
Q

Which country has the highest birth rate in women aged 15-19?

A

USA

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6
Q

What are the common causes of premature death in younger (

A 
Cervical cancer
Ischaemic heart disease
Suicide
Violence/assault
Homicide
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7
Q

In the hierarchy of evidence what is highest?

A

A meta-analysis and systematic reviews containing 2 or more randomised control trials

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8
Q

In the hierarchy of evidence, what is second best?

A

Randomised control trials

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9
Q

In the hierarchy of evidence, what is least favoured?

A

Case series and expert opinions

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10
Q

Where in he hierarchy of evidence do observational studies rank?

A

4th out of 5

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11
Q

What can observational studies be subcategorised into?

A

Descriptive

Analytical

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12
Q

Name a descriptive observational study.

A

Case series

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13
Q

What are the four analytical observational studies?

A

Ecological
Cohort
Case control
Cross sectional

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14
Q

What are the two most reliable observational studies?

A

Cohort, followed by case-control

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15
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

Starts with cases.
Control are from the same population but do not have the disease
The question regarding the exposure under investigation

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16
Q

What are case-control studies good for determining?

A

Cause of a disease

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17
Q

What are cohort studies good for determining?

A

Outcome of a certain exposure, e.g. a drug

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18
Q

What are the strengths of a case-control study?

A

Investigation of a rare disease
Study of multiple exposures and determinants
Quick and cheap
Investigate long latent periods

19
Q

What are the weaknesses of a case-control study?

A

Recall bias
Selection bias
Confounding factors

20
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Start with group of people free from disease
Classify into groups according to exposure to potential cause of a disease or outcome
Follow up and identify who goes on to develop disease

21
Q

What are the strengths of a cohort study?

A

Investigate rare causes
Testing multiple effects of a cause
Measurements of tome relationship
Direct measurement of incidence

22
Q

What are the weaknesses of a cohort study?

A

High probability of loss to follow up
Lengthy and costly
There are relative risks and attributable risks

23
Q

What is a beta (type II) random error?

A

Where study concludes that something isn’t better, though in truth it is

24
Q

What is an alpha (type I) random error?

A

Where a study concludes that something is better, though in truth it isn’t

25
Q

What are systematic errors?

A

Biases in measurements which lead to a situation where the mean of many separate measurements differs significantly from the actual value of the measured attribute

26
Q

What is selection bias?

A

A statistical bias where there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study

27
Q

What is exclusion bias?

A

Where particular groups are excluded from the sample

28
Q

What is reporting bias?

A

The selective revealing or suppression of information by subjects, e.g. PMH, smoking

29
Q

What is the difference between the number of people that die by suicide and those that die by RTA?

A

Twice as many people die by suicide than road accidents

30
Q

In sociology, what four types of suicide were identified (Durkheim) and briefly explain each one?

A

Egoistic - self-centred (under integration)
Altruistic - for the good of others (over-integration)
Anomic - social isolation (under-regulation)
Fatalistic - no choice (over-regulation)

31
Q

What is associated with suicide?

A 
Drug and alcohol abuse
Affective disorders
Thought disorders
Anxiety disorders
Problems in social relationships
Physical health problems
32
Q

What are the typical features of a “completer” of suicide?

A

Tend to be older and male
Use lethal methods
Tend to die in first attempt

33
Q

What are characteristic of an “attempter” of suicide?

A

More likely to be female
Seeking help
Use non-fatal methods, such as over-dose

34
Q

What did Safinofsky (2005) show about “attempters” of suicide?

A

Overwhelming majority of attempters never kill themselves

35
Q

What are the stages of change, set forth in the Stages of Change Model?

A 
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenances
Relapse
36
Q

What two countries have the highest rates of suicide?

A

Hungary and Finland

37
Q

What is the suicide ratio of male to female?

A

3:1 (male:female)

38
Q

Is suicide higher in younger or older people?

A

Younger people

39
Q

What are the top three most common methods of suicide in men?

A

Hanging
Overdose
Carbon monoxide poisoning

40
Q

What is the most common method of suicide in women?

A

Overdose

41
Q

What are four chronic life difficulties that can lead to self-harm?

A

Health
Housing
Finance
Relationships

42
Q

What percentage of ‘self-harmers’ commit suicide within 12 months and also within 8 years?

A

1-2% within 12 months

3% at 8 years

43
Q

How common is repetition of deliberate self-harm, and when is it most likely to occur?

A

Approximately 15% self harm again

Most repeats happen in first 3 months following first episode

44
Q

What are the three main issues that need to be assessed in patients following deliberate self-harm?

A

Immediate risk of suicide
Subsequent risk of further DSH or suicide
Any current medical or social problems

Medicine (19 decks)

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