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Fall 2024 A&P > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Normal filtration fraction

A

19%

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2
Q

Normal Renal plasma flow

A

660mL/min

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3
Q

Normal GFR

A

125mL/min

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4
Q

Normal renal blood flow (mL/min and %CO)?

A

1100mL/min
22% CO

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5
Q

Normal oncotic pressure in afferent arteriole

A

28mmHg

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6
Q

Normal oncotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

32mmHg

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7
Q

Normal oncotic pressure in efferent arteriole

A

36mmHg

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8
Q

Normal hydrostatic pressure in afferent arteriole

A

60mmHg

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9
Q

Normal hydrostatic pressure in renal tubule

A

18mmHg

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10
Q

auto-regulation of GFR is primarily dictated by?

A

Resistance of efferent arteriole

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11
Q

Constriction of efferent arteriole causes ________ of GFR

A

increase upstream pressure = increase GFR

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12
Q

Dilation of efferent arteriole causes _______ of GFR

A

decreased upstream pressure = decreased GFR

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13
Q

Normal oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries

A

32mmHG

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14
Q

Normal blood pressure/hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

A

13mmHg

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15
Q

Normal BP in efferent arteriole

A

18mmHg

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16
Q

Normal Net filtration pressure

A

10mmHg

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17
Q

Normal Net reabsorption pressure

A

10mmHg

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18
Q

Filtration rate calculation

A

Kf x NFP

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19
Q

Kf

A

Filtration coefficient = 12.5 mL/min/mmHg

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20
Q

% of plasma filtered

A

~19%, 1/5th, 125mL/min

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21
Q

Secretion occurs from the ___________

A

Peritubular capillaries

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22
Q

filtration occurs in the ____________

A

glomerular capillaries

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23
Q

auto-regulation of renal blood flow is primarily dictated by

A

resistance of afferent arterioles

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24
Q

plasma oncotic pressure favors _________ (filtration/reabsorption)

A

reabsorption

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25
Q

Normal renal interstitial pressure (Pisf)

A

15mmHg

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26
Q

Normal renal oncotic pressure (π isf)

A

6mmHg

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27
Q

to INCREASE renal blood flow, the ________ arteriole will _________, causing a _________ in glomerular pressure and ______ in GFR

A

afferent, dilate, increase, increase

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28
Q

to DECREASE renal blood flow, the ________ arteriole will _________, causing a _________ in glomerular pressure and ______ in GFR

A

afferent, constrict, decrease, decrease

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29
Q

to INCREASE glomerular filtration rate, the ________ arteriole will _________, causing a _________ in glomerular pressure and ______ in GFR

A

efferent, constrict, increase, increase

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30
Q

Roles of the Kidney

A

LT BP regulator
LT pH regulator
LT [RBC] regulator
LT [electrolyte] regulator
LT Vit D regulator
LT serum glucose regulator
Drug clearance
LT metabolic waste disposal
Osmolarity regular

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31
Q

Route blood flows starting from Renal Artery through Renal Veins

A

Renal Art -> Segmental art. -> Interlobar art -> Arcuate art -> inbterlobular art. -> AA -> Glom Cap -> EA -> Peritubular cap -> Interlobular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> segmental vein - > renal vein

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32
Q

90-95% of nephrons exist where?

A

Cortical - superficial

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33
Q

5-10% of nephrons exist where?

A

Medullary - deep

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34
Q

The vasa recta exists where?

A

inner medulla

35
Q

What is the significance of the ascending vasa recta splitting into multiple vessels

A

Decreases the velocity in ascending blood which is important to maintain normal levels of solutes in the deep inner medulla.

Too high velocity would wash out medullary interstitium

36
Q

Another name for the adrenal glands are the ________ glands

A

Suprarenal

37
Q

Renal Interstitial is comprised of

A

Gel
Collagen
Proteoglycan filaments
Hyaluronic acid
free fluid rivulets

38
Q

The imperfect autoregulation of the kidney allows for ________

A

Long term BP management; allows for

39
Q

Which vessel in the kidney has the highest vascular resistance?

A

Efferent arteriole: has the largest drop in pressure downstream

40
Q

Specialized holes in the renal glomerular endothelium are called _________

A

fenestrations

41
Q

The layer of the renal glomerular capillary between the endothelium and epithelium is the ___________ and is made up of ____________

A

basement membrane, connective tissue

42
Q

What is the importance of the renal capillary epithelium?

A

provide support d/t high pressures

43
Q

What specialized cells provide support to the capillary epithelium?

44
Q

Podocyte foot processes form _______

A

slit pores

45
Q

The endothelium and basement membrane of glomerular capillaries are ____________ charged, which helps do what?

A

negatively charged, helps repel proteins from slipping through fenestrations

46
Q

Which substance would have the highest filterability?

a) small and - charge
b) small and + charge
c) small and neutral
d) Large and - charge
e) Large and + charge
f) Large and neutral

A

small and + charged

47
Q

The pudendal nerve branches from which spinal nerve(s)?

A

S2, 3 and 4
“S2, 3 and 4 keeps stuff off the floor”

48
Q

What is the function of the pudendal nerve?

A

maintain continence via constriction of external anal and external urinary sphincters. Erections in men.

49
Q

Prostate removal surgery has high likelihood of damaging which nerve?

A

pudendal nerve

50
Q

The macula densa is located where in the nephron?

A

Thick ascending limb

51
Q

The function of the macula densa

A

Monitor filtration rate

52
Q

Low flow detected by macula dense cells cause release of what?

53
Q

Angiotensin II (ANG II) preferentially constricts ______, and causes _________ reabsorption in the __________

A

efferent arteriole, NaCl, proximal tubule

54
Q

Outermost layer of adrenal gland

A

Zona glomerulosa

55
Q

What hormone is secreted by the Zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

56
Q

Aldosterone is a _______

A

mineralcorticoid

57
Q

The medial layer of the adrenal cortex is the

A

Zona fasciculata

58
Q

The deepest layer of the adrenal cortex is the

A

Zona reticularis

59
Q

The zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete ________

A

cortisol and androgens

60
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes _________

A

catecholamines

61
Q

What is the enzyme in principle cells that destroys cortisol, preventing binding to aldo receptors

A

11B-HSD Type 2
11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Type 2

62
Q

Increased aldosterone levels causes what to potassium?

A

Increases potassium secretion from principle cells leading to hypokalemia

63
Q

What inhibits 11B-HSD?

A

Licorice

(often found in tobacco mixes)

64
Q

What is the primary function of intercalated cells

A

acid/base regulation

65
Q

What are the two types of intercalated cells and what do they secrete/reabsorb

A

Type A= secretes protons, H+
Type B= secretes bicarb, HCO3- and reabsorbs H+

66
Q

What transporters does Type A intercalated cells use to secrete

A

Hydrogen ATPase
and
Hydrogen/Potassium ATPase

67
Q

Both Type A and B intercalated cells are sensitive to ______

A

vasopressin (ADH)

68
Q

Vasopressin receptors in the kidney are _____

A

V2 receptors

69
Q

What type of receptor are V2 receptors?

70
Q

Binding of vasopressin to V2 receptors causes

A

activation of adenylyl cyclase –> ^cAMP —> activate protein kinase A –> protein phosphorylation —> AQP-2 channels to move to apical membrane, allowing water reabsorption

71
Q

Which aquaporin channels are always on the basolateral membrane?

A

AQP-3 and 4

72
Q

________ is the disease caused by abnormality in how kidney responds to ADH

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

73
Q

________ is the disease caused by insufficient release of ADH from pituitary gland

A

Central/neurogenic diabetes insipidus

74
Q

_______ is the example of one cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

75
Q

lower limit of urine osmolarity

76
Q

Which section of the nephron is also called the “diluting segment”

A

Thick ascending limb, because lots of reabsorption of ions, but impermeable to water causes dilution of the urine.

77
Q

How does alcohol affect ADH?

A

alcohol reduces ADH secreted by the pituitary gland, and decreases response of ADH by principal cells

78
Q

When osmoreceptors shrink it _________ action potential firing rate

79
Q

When osmoreceptors expand it ______ action potential firing rate

80
Q

2/3 of all reabsorption occurs where?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

81
Q

In addition to water retention, ADH also affects reabsorption of what?

82
Q

Which Urea transporters are in the collecting duct

A

UT-A1 and UT-A3

83
Q

Which Urea transporter secretes urea into the loop of henle?

Fall 2024 A&P (19 decks)

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