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Fall 2024 A&P > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

8/26

1
Q

What are the 5 organelles mentioned in class?

A

Peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicles

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2
Q

Categorize proteins.

A

Structural - helping the cell hold shape; barrier (allow or force something across the cell wall)

Functional - enzymes, receptors

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3
Q

What does glycolysis require? What does it produce? Where does it take place?

A

Sugar
ATP
Inside the cell/mitochondria

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4
Q

What charge does sugars have? And how does this affect proteins?

A

They have a negative charge and can repel negatively charged proteins. Used in the kidneys to repel protein

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5
Q

What is are the sugar/starch prefixes?

A

Glyco-
Carb-
Carboxy-

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6
Q

What are key characteristics of sugar?

A

It is sticky; can be used as ID tags that are different from bacteria/virus ID tags

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7
Q

How does sugar being sticky affect other cells?

A

It allows other cells to stick and hold together. Sometimes the body looks at this as a foreign cell and will activate an immune response.

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8
Q

What is a carboxyhemoglobin?

A

Sugar and hemoglobin. It is less functional

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9
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Helps produce ATP

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10
Q

Briefly describe Mitochondrial DNA

A

Differs from human DNA; All Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother; We receive 12-20 sets

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11
Q

What are 2 motility structures?

A

Flagella - moves the actual cell
Cilla - moves substances around the cell

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12
Q

What is genetic material?

A

DNA and RNA

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13
Q

What is a major component in turning the cell on and off?

A

The cell wall; Calcium

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14
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

“water loving”; positively charged molecules love water.

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15
Q

What happens when you put an electrolyte compound in water?

A

It falls apart; Ex) NaCl- will dissociate when dissolved in a solution

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16
Q

Describe a lipid

A

A fat that is non charged; likes oily substances; likes to hang in the middle of cell wall

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17
Q

What are the functions of sugars inside vs outside of the cell?

A

Inside:
Used for energy - glucose used to make ATP
Outside:
- Identification: ID tags; glycoproteins attached to cell walls
- STICKY (adherens)
- Structural function
- External sugars have negative charge, repel (-) charged proteins floating around.

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18
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Protein that catalyzes (speeds up) reactions. End in -ase

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids found in the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids (nerve cells), cholesterol

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20
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell wall

A

Provide rigidity- prevent from being too fluid/flexible

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21
Q

What does soluble/hydrophilic drug need to cross the cell membrane?

A

Carrier protein

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22
Q

What is arachidonic acid

A

Important precursor molecule, used to generate signaling compounds
Metabolized from phospholipids.
Lipid soluble; long chain fatty acid found in the cell wall.

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23
Q

Cox1 and 2 turn AA into _________

A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

Cytochrome p450 turns AA into ________

A

HETE and EETS

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24
Lipooxygenase turns AA into _________
leukotrienes
25
Where are lipids synthesized
Smooth ER
26
Are fats/lipids charged or uncharged?
Uncharged
27
What are the 6 “soluble” substances?
1. Ions (electrolytes) 2. Proteins (somewhat): the parts of protein that are exposed to water 3. Carbohydrates: tend to be charged compounds (glucose) 4. Gasses (depends): some soluble in water, CO2 5. Buffers: found in all containers in the body. Keep pH balanced 6. Drugs (some) - look at container that drug is in
28
What substances are insoluble?
Cholesterol Steroid Hormones Lipids- comprise majority of cell wall Drugs (others) - look oily then insoluble ex. Propofol Gasses (depends): N2O (nitrous oxide)
29
What percent of our mass is total body water?
60% of body mass
30
What fraction of our ECF is interstitial fluid?
¾-⅘
31
What percent of our TBW is ECF
1/3
32
What percent of our TBW is intracellular
2/3
33
What % of the cell is water?
70-85%, except for adipose
34
What fraction of our ECF is plasma
¼-⅕ of ECF
35
What is the ratio of K+ in the ICF vs ECF?
30x more K+ in the ICF than ECF
36
Would an obese person have a higher or lower % of TBW compared to non-obese?
Obese person would have lower % TBW because they have a higher ratio of adipose tissue that have very little water. lower fluid to weight ratio
37
Is HCO3 found more in the ECF or ICF?why?
More in the ECF HCO3 is the most important buffer
38
Is the capillary membrane more or less permeable compared to cell membrane?
More, with the exception of the bood brain barrier
39
What is the normal value of sodium in the ECF
140 mOsm/L H2O
40
What is the normal value of sodium in the ICF
14 mOsm/L H2O
41
What is the ratio of sodium between the ECF and ICF
ECF is 10x the amount in ICF
42
What is the normal value of K+ in the ECF?
4 mOsm/L H2O
43
What is the normal value of K+ in the ICF?
120-140 mOsm/L H2O
44
Is ATP found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?
ICF Main energy source in cells, too valuable to leave the cell.
45
Is HPO4- found more in the ECF or ICF? why?
More in the ICF Primary buffer of ICF on/off switch in cells by phosphorylation Think ATP, adenosine + 3 phosphates
46
Is calcium found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?
ECF Calcium primarily used as signal to turn on cells. Very little inside of cells
47
Is Mg++ found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?
More in ICF. Mg++ is important cofactor in many reactions inside the cell. Decreases heart activity
48
Is Cl- found more predominately in the ECF or ICF?
ECF Cl- is the primary anion of ECF; follows Na+
49
Is creatine found primarily in the ECF or ICF? Why?
ICF Creatine is a powerful source of energy in cells, but it depletes fast and only have small amounts
50
Is Protein found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?
ICF Produced by cells and used by cells to complete specialized tasks Some protein in ECF, primarily albumin
51
Which functions of sugar are inside vs outside of the cell?
Inside= glycolysis and structural outside= identification, adherence, repel (-) charged proteins
52
Are amino acids found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?
ICF Proteins are made from chains of amino acids inside the cells
53
Is lactate found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?
ICF Lactate is a bi-product of cell metabolism
54
What is total osmolality? What is normal value?
The sum of how many ions/electrolytes are in a volume, expressed in mOsm/kg 300 mOsm/kg H2O
55
Without a mediator the cell wall will not let ___________ permeate
Charged ions/molecules, i.e. hydrophilic particles
56
What is the corrected osmolar activity? What is normal value
Osmolarity should be pretty consistent because water movement is not inhibited. Water can move in and out to correct concentrations 280-283 mOsm/L H2O
57
The most notable difference between the plasma compartment and interstitial compartment of the ICF is the ________
Protein concentration More in the plasma compartment. Think albumin
58
What is a quick method of calculating blood osmolarity?
Doubling the value of ECF sodium 140 x 2 = 280
59
Attaching phosphates for energy storage is called _______?
Phosphorylation
60
What is the main energy source in the cell?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
61
Why do we correct for osmolarity?
Not all particles are freely dissociated from one another Oppositely charged particles tend to attract each other Na+ and Cl- may bond and act less like individual particles Biologic osmolarity (280-283) actually lower than theoretical (300)
62
Removing phosphates for energy consumption is called _______?
Dephosphorylation
63
Why is osmolarity consistent across all compartments?
Water movement is not inhibited by membranes Water will shift from high concentration to low to balance concentrations
64
What are some characteristics of cholesterol?
Planar (flat) Rigid Lipid soluble
65
What is the function of the -OH group of cholesterol?
Cholesterol lives in the cell wall -OH group is polar and sticks out of the cell wall. Body can use the -OH group to remove the cholesterol if needed
66
What are the functions of the glycocalyx?
Helps cells attach to each other - think STICKY Receptors Immune function and cell identification Negatively charged sugars repel other negatively charged particles
67
How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?
Normal temp - rigid and planar Low temps- increases membrane fluidity Used in foods to affect texture, ex. Ice cream
68
How does uncontrolled diabetes affect the cell membrane and immune response?
Sugars used for cell identification on the exterior of the cell membrane Higher amount of external sugars makes cells look foreign, causing immune system response
69
What is amphipathic?
Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts Phospholipid: outside/charged (phosphate head) is hydrophilic (charged) and inside (lipid tail) is hydrophobic (uncharged)
70
What is the glycocalyx?
Carbohydrate coating surrounding the outside of cell Sum of all external sugar structures on the cell wall Glycoproteins+glycolipids = glycocalyx
71
What makes up the bulk of the cell wall
phospholipid tails
72
Body temperature and rigidity of cholesterol are ______proportional
Directly proportional (normal temperature stiff/Low temperature more fluid like ice cream)
73
Sex hormone formation requires _______
Cholesterol
74
Long chains of hydrogens and carbons form ________
lipids
75
adenosine in the ECF
increases blood flow to meet metabolic demand
76
Adenosine can leave the cell if
The cell is metabolically active; all the phosphates are pulled off
77
Our cells are reliant on an external sources of ________
Glucose
78
How many ATP does glycolysis produce?
2
79
Capillary membrane prevents __________ from permeating to interstitial fluid
- CV (plasma) proteins
80
Where is calcium stored in the cell?
ER
81
__________ is an energy storage molecule used by muscle tissue
Phosphocreatine - the phosphate from creatine phosphate can be removed and attached to an ADP to generate ATP quickly.
82
Steady state vs equilibrium
"Steady state" has tightly regulated differences; Equilibrium tries to maintain same concentrations (we don't want our body temperature and environmental temperature to be equal)
83
An example of an insoluble drug utilizing a lipid-based carrier system is
propofol
84
What components make up ECF?
Plasma and interstitial fluid
85
ECF: ICF calcium
10,000:1
86
Protein concentration ICF:ECF
5:1
87
ATP production starts in the ________ with anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Cytosol
88
What enzyme is found in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase

Fall 2024 A&P (19 decks)

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