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Fall 2024 A&P > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

8/26

1
Q

What are the 5 organelles mentioned in class?

A

Peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicles

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2
Q

Categorize proteins.

A

Structural - helping the cell hold shape; barrier (allow or force something across the cell wall)

Functional - enzymes, receptors

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3
Q

What does glycolysis require? What does it produce? Where does it take place?

A

Sugar
ATP
Inside the cell/mitochondria

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4
Q

What charge does sugars have? And how does this affect proteins?

A

They have a negative charge and can repel negatively charged proteins. Used in the kidneys to repel protein

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5
Q

What is are the sugar/starch prefixes?

A

Glyco-
Carb-
Carboxy-

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6
Q

What are key characteristics of sugar?

A

It is sticky; can be used as ID tags that are different from bacteria/virus ID tags

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7
Q

How does sugar being sticky affect other cells?

A

It allows other cells to stick and hold together. Sometimes the body looks at this as a foreign cell and will activate an immune response.

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8
Q

What is a carboxyhemoglobin?

A

Sugar and hemoglobin. It is less functional

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9
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Helps produce ATP

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10
Q

Briefly describe Mitochondrial DNA

A

Differs from human DNA; All Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother; We receive 12-20 sets

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11
Q

What are 2 motility structures?

A

Flagella - moves the actual cell
Cilla - moves substances around the cell

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12
Q

What is genetic material?

A

DNA and RNA

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13
Q

What is a major component in turning the cell on and off?

A

The cell wall; Calcium

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14
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

“water loving”; positively charged molecules love water.

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15
Q

What happens when you put an electrolyte compound in water?

A

It falls apart; Ex) NaCl- will dissociate when dissolved in a solution

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16
Q

Describe a lipid

A

A fat that is non charged; likes oily substances; likes to hang in the middle of cell wall

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17
Q

What are the functions of sugars inside vs outside of the cell?

A

Inside:
Used for energy - glucose used to make ATP
Outside:
- Identification: ID tags; glycoproteins attached to cell walls
- STICKY (adherens)
- Structural function
- External sugars have negative charge, repel (-) charged proteins floating around.

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18
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Protein that catalyzes (speeds up) reactions. End in -ase

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids found in the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids (nerve cells), cholesterol

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20
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell wall

A

Provide rigidity- prevent from being too fluid/flexible

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21
Q

What does soluble/hydrophilic drug need to cross the cell membrane?

A

Carrier protein

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22
Q

What is arachidonic acid

A

Important precursor molecule, used to generate signaling compounds
Metabolized from phospholipids.
Lipid soluble; long chain fatty acid found in the cell wall.

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23
Q

Cox1 and 2 turn AA into _________

A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

Cytochrome p450 turns AA into ________

A

HETE and EETS

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24
Q

Lipooxygenase turns AA into _________

A

leukotrienes

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25
Q

Where are lipids synthesized

A

Smooth ER

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26
Q

Are fats/lipids charged or uncharged?

A

Uncharged

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27
Q

What are the 6 “soluble” substances?

A
  1. Ions (electrolytes)
  2. Proteins (somewhat): the parts of protein that are exposed to water
  3. Carbohydrates: tend to be charged compounds (glucose)
  4. Gasses (depends): some soluble in water, CO2
  5. Buffers: found in all containers in the body. Keep pH balanced
  6. Drugs (some) - look at container that drug is in
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28
Q

What substances are insoluble?

A

Cholesterol
Steroid Hormones
Lipids- comprise majority of cell wall
Drugs (others) - look oily then insoluble ex. Propofol
Gasses (depends): N2O (nitrous oxide)

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29
Q

What percent of our mass is total body water?

A

60% of body mass

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30
Q

What fraction of our ECF is interstitial fluid?

A

¾-⅘

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31
Q

What percent of our TBW is ECF

A

1/3

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32
Q

What percent of our TBW is intracellular

A

2/3

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33
Q

What % of the cell is water?

A

70-85%, except for adipose

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34
Q

What fraction of our ECF is plasma

A

¼-⅕ of ECF

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35
Q

What is the ratio of K+ in the ICF vs ECF?

A

30x more K+ in the ICF than ECF

36
Q

Would an obese person have a higher or lower % of TBW compared to non-obese?

A

Obese person would have lower % TBW because they have a higher ratio of adipose tissue that have very little water.

lower fluid to weight ratio

37
Q

Is HCO3 found more in the ECF or ICF?why?

A

More in the ECF
HCO3 is the most important buffer

38
Q

Is the capillary membrane more or less permeable compared to cell membrane?

A

More, with the exception of the bood brain barrier

39
Q

What is the normal value of sodium in the ECF

A

140 mOsm/L H2O

40
Q

What is the normal value of sodium in the ICF

A

14 mOsm/L H2O

41
Q

What is the ratio of sodium between the ECF and ICF

A

ECF is 10x the amount in ICF

42
Q

What is the normal value of K+ in the ECF?

A

4 mOsm/L H2O

43
Q

What is the normal value of K+ in the ICF?

A

120-140 mOsm/L H2O

44
Q

Is ATP found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?

A

ICF
Main energy source in cells, too valuable to leave the cell.

45
Q

Is HPO4- found more in the ECF or ICF? why?

A

More in the ICF
Primary buffer of ICF
on/off switch in cells by phosphorylation
Think ATP, adenosine + 3 phosphates

46
Q

Is calcium found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?

A

ECF
Calcium primarily used as signal to turn on cells. Very little inside of cells

47
Q

Is Mg++ found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?

A

More in ICF. Mg++ is important cofactor in many reactions inside the cell. Decreases heart activity

48
Q

Is Cl- found more predominately in the ECF or ICF?

A

ECF
Cl- is the primary anion of ECF; follows Na+

49
Q

Is creatine found primarily in the ECF or ICF? Why?

A

ICF
Creatine is a powerful source of energy in cells, but it depletes fast and only have small amounts

50
Q

Is Protein found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?

A

ICF
Produced by cells and used by cells to complete specialized tasks
Some protein in ECF, primarily albumin

51
Q

Which functions of sugar are inside vs outside of the cell?

A

Inside= glycolysis and structural
outside= identification, adherence, repel (-) charged proteins

52
Q

Are amino acids found more in the ECF or ICF? Why?

A

ICF
Proteins are made from chains of amino acids inside the cells

53
Q

Is lactate found more predominantly in the ECF or ICF?why?

A

ICF
Lactate is a bi-product of cell metabolism

54
Q

What is total osmolality? What is normal value?

A

The sum of how many ions/electrolytes are in a volume, expressed in mOsm/kg
300 mOsm/kg H2O

55
Q

Without a mediator the cell wall will not let ___________ permeate

A

Charged ions/molecules, i.e. hydrophilic particles

56
Q

What is the corrected osmolar activity? What is normal value

A

Osmolarity should be pretty consistent because water movement is not inhibited. Water can move in and out to correct concentrations
280-283 mOsm/L H2O

57
Q

The most notable difference between the plasma compartment and interstitial compartment of the ICF is the ________

A

Protein concentration
More in the plasma compartment. Think albumin

58
Q

What is a quick method of calculating blood osmolarity?

A

Doubling the value of ECF sodium
140 x 2 = 280

59
Q

Attaching phosphates for energy storage is called _______?

A

Phosphorylation

60
Q

What is the main energy source in the cell?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

61
Q

Why do we correct for osmolarity?

A

Not all particles are freely dissociated from one another
Oppositely charged particles tend to attract each other
Na+ and Cl- may bond and act less like individual particles
Biologic osmolarity (280-283) actually lower than theoretical (300)

62
Q

Removing phosphates for energy consumption is called _______?

A

Dephosphorylation

63
Q

Why is osmolarity consistent across all compartments?

A

Water movement is not inhibited by membranes
Water will shift from high concentration to low to balance concentrations

64
Q

What are some characteristics of cholesterol?

A

Planar (flat)
Rigid
Lipid soluble

65
Q

What is the function of the -OH group of cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol lives in the cell wall
-OH group is polar and sticks out of the cell wall. Body can use the -OH group to remove the cholesterol if needed

66
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A

Helps cells attach to each other - think STICKY
Receptors
Immune function and cell identification
Negatively charged sugars repel other negatively charged particles

67
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Normal temp - rigid and planar
Low temps- increases membrane fluidity
Used in foods to affect texture, ex. Ice cream

68
Q

How does uncontrolled diabetes affect the cell membrane and immune response?

A

Sugars used for cell identification on the exterior of the cell membrane
Higher amount of external sugars makes cells look foreign, causing immune system response

69
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
Phospholipid: outside/charged (phosphate head) is hydrophilic (charged) and inside (lipid tail) is hydrophobic (uncharged)

70
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrate coating surrounding the outside of cell
Sum of all external sugar structures on the cell wall
Glycoproteins+glycolipids = glycocalyx

71
Q

What makes up the bulk of the cell wall

A

phospholipid tails

72
Q

Body temperature and rigidity of cholesterol are ______proportional

A

Directly proportional (normal temperature stiff/Low temperature more fluid like ice cream)

73
Q

Sex hormone formation requires _______

A

Cholesterol

74
Q

Long chains of hydrogens and carbons form ________

75
Q

adenosine in the ECF

A

increases blood flow to meet metabolic demand

76
Q

Adenosine can leave the cell if

A

The cell is metabolically active; all the phosphates are pulled off

77
Q

Our cells are reliant on an external sources of ________

78
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

79
Q

Capillary membrane prevents __________ from permeating to interstitial fluid

A
  • CV (plasma) proteins
80
Q

Where is calcium stored in the cell?

81
Q

__________ is an energy storage molecule used by muscle tissue

A

Phosphocreatine - the phosphate from creatine phosphate can be removed and attached to an ADP to generate ATP quickly.

82
Q

Steady state vs equilibrium

A

“Steady state” has tightly regulated differences; Equilibrium tries to maintain same concentrations (we don’t want our body temperature and environmental temperature to be equal)

83
Q

An example of an insoluble drug utilizing a lipid-based carrier system is

84
Q

What components make up ECF?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

85
Q

ECF: ICF calcium

86
Q

Protein concentration ICF:ECF

87
Q

ATP production starts in the ________ with anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

88
Q

What enzyme is found in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

Fall 2024 A&P (19 decks)

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