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A&P 2024 > Lecture 7 - neuroanatomy intro > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - neuroanatomy intro Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Differentiate between classifications of neurons based on myelination

A

A - myelinated (motor functions)
B - lightly myelinated (slower, pressure, cold)
C - no myelination

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2
Q

Motor neurons are type ___ neurons

A

A

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3
Q

How are A-type neurons subdivided?

A

Size: alpha > beta > gamma > delta

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Soma (nucleus)

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5
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receiving ends; project from soma
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
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6
Q

Dendrites are not _____

A

myelinated

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7
Q

Differentiate between EPSP and IPSP

A

ESPS - excitatory post-synaptic potential; more positive than average Vrm (-20mV) → depolarization
IPSP - inhibitory post-synaptic potential; more negative than average Vrm (-70mV) → hyperpolarization
**If cell Vrm is -60mV

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8
Q

Neurons can have _______ connections with their neighbors

A

10,000+ (especially decision makers) → takes a lot of info and decides if to act with AP

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9
Q

______ is the sending end of the neuron; send AP quickly (usually myelinated)

A

Axon

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10
Q

The end of the axon is the ______ and releases _______

A

presynaptic terminal; neurotransmitters

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11
Q

______ is the beginning part of the axon that is connected to the soma

A

Axon hillock

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12
Q

Inputs coming from the nervous system that tend to suppress activity in the neuron occur at the ______

A

Axon hillock - brakes for the nervous system

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13
Q

The neurotransmitter that typically acts at the axon hillock is _____

A

GABA

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14
Q

GABA receptors on the axon hillock increase ________ permeability

A

chloride

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15
Q

The more chloride permeability, the more _____ of cell

A

inhibition

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16
Q

_______ is GABA receptor agonist

A

Alcohol - the body doesn’t produce much of its own GABA with chronic alcohol use → seizures and overactivity in CNS

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17
Q

Natural inhibition of HR is mediated by ______, while natural inhibition of the nervous system is mediated by _____

A

mACh receptors linked to K+ channels
GABA at the axon hillock

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18
Q

Why are there no excitatory connections at the axon hillock?

A

it would bypass the rest of the neuron (dendrites and soma) - cell would no longer be the decision maker for all the connections from the rest of the nervous system

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19
Q

Glial cells are much more _______ than neurons

A

proliferative

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20
Q

A brain tumor is probably a ______ tumor instead of a neuron tumor

A

glial

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21
Q

The smallest of the glial cells are the ______

A

microglia

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of macroglia?

A

Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

_______ are a big part of the BBB. How?

A

Astrocytes - wrap themselves around capillaries
The walls of astrocytes don’t directly constitute the BBB
The BBB is found inside the capillaries of endothelial cells (tight junctions)

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24
Q

Astrocytes are named because they look like a _____

A

star - appendages connect to the outside of the endothelial cells

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25
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Supporting structure in the BBB
  2. Regulation of metabolic environment - maintain electrolyte balance (buffer in CSF)
  3. Repair neurons after neuronal injury
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26
Q

____ are the most abundant type of glial cell

A

astrocytes

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27
Q

Our body’s regulation of pH/buffer? occurs in the _____ while in the brain, is performed by ______

A

kidney; astrocytes

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28
Q

______ are ciliated cells that produce CSF and move it around

A

Ependymal cells

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29
Q

Where are ependymal cells concentrated?

A

choroid plexus in each ventricle

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30
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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31
Q

Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells

A

Think COPS -
- CNS - oligodendrocytes
- PNS - Schwann cells

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32
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Function as the immune system for any structure that contains CSF - act as macrophages and phagocytize neuronal debris

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33
Q

What are the 3 neuron types?

A

Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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34
Q

What do multipolar cells do?

A

Decision-making cells - take info and decide to fire an action potential or not
- motor neurons

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35
Q

What do pseudounipolar neurons do?

A

Sensory function - the majority of the sensory cells right outside the spinal cord
- cell body exists to make proteins and replace things, not making a decision - supportive

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36
Q

What do bipolar neurons do?

A

Special sensory - photoreceptors in retina that send messages in optic nerve
- don’t need to talk to other neurons, just pass info in form of AP to other areas

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37
Q

______ neurons are not found in humans, but in lower life forms

A

True unipolar

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38
Q

_____ means “sensible” or that we are consciously aware of it

A

Somatic

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39
Q

_______ are pain sensors also known as ______

A

Free nerve endings; nociceptors

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40
Q

Pressure and stretch sensors operate via

A

Changing sodium permeability in response to physical stretch

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41
Q

What are the pressure sensors?

A

Pacinian and Meissner’s corpuscles
Golgi tendon apparatus
Muscle spindles

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42
Q

______ are pressure/stretch sensors that give feedback about what skeletal muscles are doing

A

Golgi tendon apparatus

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43
Q

________ are pressure/stretch sensors that are interwoven in skeletal muscles that tell us if the muscle is contracted or not

A

Muscle spindles

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44
Q

______ take some kind of physical/environmental disturbance and turn it into an AP

A

Mechanoreceptors

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45
Q

Describe baroreceptor adaption response to high BP

A
  • Normal MAP (100 mmHg), has normal amount of Na+ coming in
  • High MAP at 150 mmHg → more Na+ coming in → more action potentials → sends info back to brainstem → pressure too high
    • Desensitized after prolonged hypertension → adjust to new normal → action potential rate slows down → adaptation (takes 2 days)
    • Without adaptation of baroreceptors, limited ability to respond to further changes from new normal, AP can only fire so fast → brain won’t get correct info from baroreceptors
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46
Q

Some sensors have ______ adaptation

A

Reverse - more sensitized to stimulus over time

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47
Q

________ is the adjustment of sensors due to prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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48
Q

Slow vs fast adaptation

A
  • Slow = 2 days, specialized sensors can adapt faster
  • Fast = concerned with changes happening right now
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49
Q

Slow vs fast signal propagation depends on ______

A

priority - fast = high priority (pain), slow = low priority (tickle)

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50
Q

Neurons are easier to block if they are ______

A

Superficial
Unmyelinated

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51
Q

Pain receptors undergo _________ adaptation

A

reverse

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52
Q

Why is it important to stay ahead of pain?

A
  • need to tackle pain before it gets out of control, difficult to get back in control after it starts
  • can use nerve block (block where pain would be sensed in the first place)

Pain receptors have reverse adaptation

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53
Q

The receiving end of a synapse is called the _____

A

post-synaptic terminal

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54
Q

Superior/inferior

A

Higher/lower altitude
Head/feet

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55
Q

Dorsal/ventral

A

Back/front

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56
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

57
Q

medial/lateral

A

midline vs out to the side

58
Q

Rostral/caudal

A

rostral - front and towards the top
caudal - lower and to the rear
- used for surgical procedures and neuro

59
Q

distal/proximal

A

further/closer to system

60
Q

superficial/deep

A

close to skin/deep in tissue

61
Q

Sagittal plane

A

separates L/R sides

62
Q

Coronal plane

A

Separates front and back; anterior/posterior

63
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Think magician sawing assistant in half
Superior/inferior

64
Q

Oblique plane

A

Odd angle

65
Q

The CNS includes

A

brain (diencephalon and telencephalon), brain stem, and spinal cord

66
Q

Telencephalon

A

Outer/upper/superficial portions of the brain, cerebral hemispheres
- cerebral cortex

67
Q

Diencephalon

A

Inner/deep part of brain, connecting point between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
- thalamus/hypothalamus

68
Q

The _______ is an important relay center for the brain

A

thalamus

69
Q

The ______ is the super important sensory area and control center of the brain

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

The brainstem includes which 3 parts?

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla oblongata

71
Q

A sulcus is a ______

A

groove

72
Q

A really deep groove is a ______

A

fissure

73
Q

A lump of tissue separated by grooves is a _______

A

Gyrus (pleural is gyri)

74
Q

What are the 4 major lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

75
Q

What are the 3 major landmarks of the brain that divide the major lobes?

A

Central sulcus - frontal and parietal lobe
Temporal/temporolateral fissure - temporal and parietal/frontal lobes
Longitudinal fissure - L/R cerebral hemispheres

76
Q

The _______ lobe is where we do most of our thinking

A

Frontal

77
Q

The ______ lobe is the primary somatosensory center

A

Parietal

78
Q

The _____ lobe is where vision is processed/ primary visual cortex

A

occipital

79
Q

The _____ lobe is where the auditory processing center is

A

Temporal

80
Q

What is the anatomical marker for dissecting a human brain?

A

The central sulcus

81
Q

__________ is the bridge in the brain that allows cross-talk from L → R and back. Where is it located?

A

corpus callosum
occurs at the white space (myelinated neurons) right below the longitudinal fissure

82
Q

The area of the brain responsible for Word Formation is ______. Where is it located?

A

Broca’s Area - located in frontal lobe - speaking is more motor than sensory; requires more thinking

83
Q

The area of the brain responsible for Language Comprehension is ______. Where is it located?

A

Wernicke’s Area - specific part of temporal lobe - understand and comprehend language

84
Q

The motor cortex is located in the ______ lobe

A

Frontal - sits anterior to central sulcus, most posterior/rear part of frontal lobe

85
Q

The premotor cortex is located in the ______ lobe

A

The front of the frontal lobe

86
Q

pre-central gyrus = primary _______

A

motor cortex

87
Q

post-central gyrus = primary _______

A

Somatosensory Cortex

88
Q

The somatosensory cortex is located in the ______ lobe

A

parietal lobe - anterior

89
Q

The ______ is the area of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Where is it located?

A

Limbic system
Temporal lobe

90
Q

Pain is worse if the _______ gets involved

A

limbic system

91
Q

The spinal cord is fairly narrow, about the size of a _______

A

quarter

92
Q

White matter vs grey matter in the spinal cord

A

White matter
- Generally axons
- White = Myelin
- Not many cell bodies
- Sending/receiving
Grey matter - non-myelinated neurons
- CELL BODIES
- Dendrites
- Decision-making center

93
Q

Grey matter is ______ to white matter in the brain because it needs more _______

A

Superficial, blood flow

94
Q

A concussion or head injury can damage ______

A

Grey matter → less processing ability; suspending brain in CSF gives buffer to prevent this

95
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is _____ to grey matter

A

superficial

96
Q

_______ is the space in the grey matter that connects the L/R sides of the cord to allow x-over

A

Lamina X

97
Q

_______ is the space in the white matter that connects the L/R sides of the cord to allow x-over

A

Anterior white commissure (AWC)

98
Q

_______ is when information moves from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the other

A

x-over

99
Q

What are the 3 spinal landmarks in the white matter?

A

Posterior median fissure
Anterior median fissure
Central canal (hole in the middle)

100
Q

Which fissure in the spinal cord is wider? Why?

A

Anterior median fissure - has larger arterial blood vessel parked in it

101
Q

What is the function of the central canal?

A

Lined with ciliated cells that move CSF down the cord
- opening within lamina X

102
Q

The grey matter projections in the spinal cord are known as the _____

A

Horns - dorsal and ventral
- larger anterior horns

103
Q

Sensory information is fed into the _____ horns

A

Dorsal

104
Q

Motor function comes out of the _____ horns

A

Ventral

105
Q

Where do we aim for spinal blocks/epidurals?

A

Back of the spinal cord where sensory information is

Lumbar spine

Thoracic approach difficult because of downward angle of spinous process.

106
Q

Spinal cord perfusion comes from the _______

A

Intercostal arteries

107
Q

The anterior spinal artery sits in the _________

A

anterior medial fissure

108
Q

_______ communicate information horizontally from the spinal nerve and roots to the spinal cord

A

Rootlets

109
Q

More ascending columns are located in the _____ of the cord

A

Rear/posterior, also some laterally and in front

110
Q

Ascending columns primarily communicate _____ information

A

Sensory

111
Q

Descending columns primarily communicate _____ information

A

Motor

112
Q

Descending columns are located in the _____ of the cord

A

Front and sides

113
Q

The anterior and posterior roots come together to form the ______

A

Spinal nerve

114
Q

What is unique about the structure of the posterior root?

A

Has spinal ganglion bulge - a collection of cell bodies from psuedo-uniploar sensory neurons (most of sensory cells)

115
Q

Why does the anterior root not have a spinal ganglion?

A

The cell bodies are located in the anterior horn

116
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical (C) spine? How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

7 vertebrae
8 pairs of spinal nerves
Spinal nerves are located on top of respective vertebra - C1 spinal nerve comes out above the C1 vertebra

117
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic (T) spine? How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

12 and 12

118
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar (L) spine? How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

5 and 5

119
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral (S) spine? How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

1 vertebra and 5 pairs of spinal nerves
- start with 5 vertebrae at birth then they fuse together

120
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal (Co) spine? How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

1 pair of spinal nerves
2 vertebrae
- Start with 4 as babies, fuse into 2 as adults

121
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spine?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

122
Q

What is the name for the diagram that shows which spinal nerves control specific areas of the body?

A

“Dermatome Man”

123
Q

_______ are cushioning between vertebrae to brace impact, get worn down as you get older

A

Discs

124
Q

What is the normal curvature in the spine?

A

Lordosis (anterior/convex) - cervical and lumbar
Kyphosis (posterior/concave) T-spine, sacrum, and coccygeal sections

125
Q

Pathologic curvature is also known as

A

Thoracic kyphosis - hunchback
Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphoscoliosis - kyphosis and scoliosis together

126
Q

Babies only have ______ curvature

A

Kyphotic - can’t hold up head or walk

127
Q

__________ is the weight-supporting structure of the spine, what the discs sit on

A

Vertebral Body
- as you go higher up the spine, vertebral bodies get smaller because they support less weight

128
Q

_______ is the U-shaped structure that comes off the vertebral body, opening where the cord and spinal roots are housed

A

Vertebral arch

129
Q

The vertebral arch contains the ____ and the _____

A

Pedicle (attached to vertebral body) and lamina (curve)

130
Q

The ______ is the palpable bony projection that comes out the back of the spine

A

Spinous process (1)

131
Q

_______ are the bony projections that come out the sides (lateral) of the arch

A

Transverse Process (2)

132
Q

_______ are the bony projections that come up from the top of the arch

A

Superior Articular Process

133
Q

Articular means

A

Connecting things together

134
Q

The Superior Articular Process articulates with the _______

A

Inferior Articular Process

135
Q

________ are the bony projections that come down from the bottom of the arc

A

Inferior Articular Process

136
Q

The _______ is the opening where the spinal cord is located

A

Vertebral foramen

137
Q

The _______ is where the spinal nerves can exit on each side of spine

A

inferior vertebral notch

138
Q

The lamina is ________ to the pedicle

A

posterior

139
Q

The ________ joint is where the superior and inferior articular processes connect

A

Facet - a sliver of cartilage between bones

A&P 2024 (19 decks)

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