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A&P 2024 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol

A

provide rigidity to cell membrane
precursor to sex hormones

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2
Q

What are the 6 hormones derived from cholesterol

A

Testosterone
Androstenedione
Estradiol
Progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone

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3
Q

What is the precursor to testosterone that was abused by baseball players in the past?

A

Androstenedione

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4
Q

Why is aldosterone able to interact with cortisol receptors?

A

Both are made from cholesterol so their structure is very similar, so they can react with each other’s receptors

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5
Q

What is the function of Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

A

used in smooth muscles to produce inositol triphosphate (IP3), regulates muscle contraction

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6
Q

What is the function of Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic)

A

immune marker

In a healthy cell, serine portion is inside the cell.

if immune system sees serene on the outside it will destroy the cell

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7
Q

What enzyme functions to flip serines to proper orientation

A

flippase

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8
Q

What does flippase need to reorient serine?

A

ATP

if cell is dying and isn’t producing enough ATP the flippase will be unable to flip serines and thus the immune system will sweep in

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9
Q

What do combinations of phosphatidyl compounds help produce?

A

surfactant

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10
Q

What is sphingomyelin?

A

fatty compound use for
constructing myelin for the nervous system

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11
Q

What is the function of phosphatidylcholine (PCh)?

A

body can store choline to later assemble acetylcholine

acetylcholine is super important in cell signaling and signal transduction

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12
Q

What mediates destruction of dying cells by the immune system?

A

energy deficient flippase that is unable to flip serine

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13
Q

What are the 4 phosphatidyl- compounds

A

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic)
Phosphatidylcholine (PCh)
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

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14
Q

What is Arachidonic Acid (AA) a parent compound of?

A

Prostaglandins
TXA2-thromboxane A2
Leukotrienes
EET &HETE

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15
Q

What enzymes convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins?

A

COX1 and COX2

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16
Q

What enzymes convert arachidonic acid to leukotrienes?

A

lipoxygenase (LO)

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17
Q

What does thromboxane A2 (TXA2) do?

A

released when blood vessel damaged that signals nearby blood vessels to constrict in effort to reduce bleeding

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17
Q

What is a common drug that inhibits COX1 and COX2?

A

aspirin
NSAIDs

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18
Q

What effects do prostaglandins have?

A

pain signal ramping,
causes inflammation

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19
Q

What are differences between COX1 and COX2

A

COX 1 = wide spread, lots of tissues can produce, used more to create TXA2

COX 2= more inducible, the isoform that gets turned on in response to pain

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20
Q

Does naproxen inhibit COX1 or COX2

A

COX2

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21
Q

Are COX1 inhibitors or COX2 inhibitors more effective in treating pain?

A

COX2

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22
Q

What is toxic side effect of COX2 inhibitors?

A

harmful to kidney and cardiac

inhibits 2ndary effect of COX2 keeps kidney healthy and helps heart heal after ischemia

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23
Q

Why do COX inhibitors lead to increased bleeding?

A

COX is enzyme in prostaglandin pathway of arachidonic acid that also produces TXA2 that helps stop bleeding.
- COX1 (aspirin) = more bleeding

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24
Q

LTA4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 are examples of what?

A

leukotrienes

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25
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes?

A

Immune mediated inflammatory response - lung swelling, activates mucous glands

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26
Q

What drug is an example of leukotriene synthesis inhibitor?

A

Singulair - leukotriene receptor antagonist (allergy med)
Directly inhibits lipoxygenase → decrease leukotriene production

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27
Q

What are the 3 pathways of arachidonic acid?

A

COX1/2 -> Prostaglandins and TXA2

Lipoxygenase -> leukotrienes

HETE/EET -> acute inflammatory disease processes

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28
Q

What are the two types of cell membrane proteins?

A

Enzymes and Receptors
(Integral and peripheral)

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29
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

A

Simple and Facilitated

30
Q

What are similarities and difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

A

similar - don’t require ATP, movement is dictated by concentration gradient

difference- facilitated goes through channel protein, requires a bond and conformational change;

simple is crossing without a protein (ex. gases)

31
Q

What is an example of a facilitated diffusion?

A

GLUT transporter

32
Q

Besides concentration gradient, what gradient also affects diffusion?

A

electrochemical gradient
cell is normally (-) charged when inactive, (+) when active

33
Q

What are are the two types of active transport?

A

1st and 2nd degree

34
Q

What is an example of 1st degree active transport?

A

ATPase pump (Na/K pump)
CA2+ pumps
H+ proton pumps in stomach

35
Q

What is an example of 2nd degree active transport?

A

sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) pump- pumps Ca++ out of the cell, moves Na+ into cell

SGLT - uses Na to move glucose in the cell

36
Q

What is the ratio of Na and K moved by the ATPase pump?

A

3 Na+ : 2 K+

37
Q

What is the difference between primary and 2nd degree active transport?

A

primary directly uses ATP to pump

2nd degree indirectly utilizes energy used by other pumps

38
Q

Which direction does the ATPase pump K?

A

from outside to inside of the cell (against concentration gradient)

39
Q

Which direction does the ATPase pump Na?

A

from inside to outside of the cell (against concentration gradient)

40
Q

What is the normal concentration of Na inside the cell (ICF)?

A

14

10x less inside the cell

41
Q

What is the normal concentration of Na outside of the cell (ECF)?

A

140

10x higher than inside the cell

42
Q

What is the normal concentration of K+ outside of the cell?

A

4

30x less than inside the cell

43
Q

What is the normal concentration of K+ inside of the cell?

A

120

30x higher inside the cell

44
Q

What is the ratio of Ca++ and Na+ moved by the NCX pump?

A

1 Ca++ : 3 Na+

45
Q

Which direction is Na+ moving with an NCX pump?

A

from outside to inside of cell (down its concentration gradient)

46
Q

What type of cells have ATPase pumps?

A

all excitable cells
i.e. neuron & muscle

46
Q

Which direction is Ca++ moving with an NCX pump

A

from inside to outside the cell (against its concentration gradient)

47
Q

What is the importance of ATPase pumps?

A

central to all action potentials

48
Q

What is the single most energy requiring process in the body?

A

ATPase pumps (60-70% of cellular energy)

49
Q

What is the function of an SGLT pump?

A

glucose can couple with Na+ to move glucose into the cell faster when needed. Utilizes Na+ concentration gradient

seen in kidney reabsorbing glucose after filtration

50
Q

Is the Glut transporter an example of facilitated diffusion or active transport?

A

facilitated diffusion

does not require energy

when glucose binds to transporter conformational change happens and it moves glucose inside and releases

51
Q

Where are Glut-1 transporters located?

A

RBCs - not insulin dependent

52
Q

Where are Glut-4 transporters located?

A

In insulin dependent cells (muscle/fat)

53
Q

What factors determine speed of facilitated diffusion?

A

[] gradient and # of transporters

54
Q

Arachidonic acid and HETE/EETE are ____________ while Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins are ___________

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

55
Q

What kind of diffusion are channel proteins used for?

A

Simple - no binding/energy

56
Q

How does water cross the cell membrane?

A

Simple diffusion and aquaporins

57
Q

What are ion channels? What kind of transport do they contribute to?

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
Simple diffusion

58
Q

What are the 3 steps for facilitated diffusion?

A

1- binding to receptor
2- confirmation change to move across cell membrane
3- release from receptor
(No energy required)

59
Q

How much of the cholesterol in the body is endogenous vs exogenous?

A

80% endo, 20% exo

60
Q

How do statins work to reduce cholesterol?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces the amount of endogenous cholesterol made

61
Q

What are the stress hormones made from cholesterol?

A

cortisol and aldosterone

62
Q

What are the sex hormones made from cholesterol?

A

Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione

63
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

64
Q

Cholesterol is…

A

Rigid, flat (planar), and lipid soluble

65
Q

What is the -OH group on cholesterol for?

A

Cholesterol inside of cell wall; cell sees -OH group and pulls it out of cell wall if needed
-OH group is polar

66
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

Byproduct of metabolism; chemical precursor used to make many products (including cholesterol, makes ATP from glucose and oxygen)

67
Q

Where do cortisol and aldosterone come from?

A

Adrenal glands

68
Q

Schmidt wouldn’t be surprised if a future drug targets _________ instead of just leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

Lipoxygenases (LO)

69
Q

What are the 3 examples of primary active transport?

A

Na/K ATPase, calcium pumps, proton pumps

70
Q

What transport mechanism is responsible for the bulk of glucose transport to inside cell?

A

GLUT transporter

71
Q

What transport mechanism is responsible for the bulk of calcium transport ICF → ECF?

A

NCX transporter

72
Q

In what ways can glucose be transported into the cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion - GLUT
Secondary active transport - SGLT

A&P 2024 (19 decks)

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