Renal

Question 1

What is used to confirm the diagnosis of a recent streptococcal infection for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 1

anti-streptolysin O titre - This measures antibodies against streptolysin O, a substance produced by group A streptococcus bacteria.

Question 2

Give 3 causes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Answer 2

• HIV
• Heroin
• sickle-cell

Question 3

Describe the histological findings of membranous glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy

Answer 3

• light microscopy: basement membrane thickening
• electron microscopy: subepithelial electron dense deposits (spike and dome)

Question 4

Describe the stages of acute kidney injury

Answer 4

1) Creatinine is 1.5-1.9 times higher than baseline/ urine output < 0.5ml/kg for > 6 consecutive hours
2) Creatinine is 2-2.9 times higher than baseline/ urine output < 0.5ml/kg for > 12 consecutive hours
3) Creatinine is >3 times higher than baseline / urine output < 0.5ml/kg for > 24 consecutive hours/
anuria for > 12 hours

Question 5

Stages of CKD

Answer 5

Stage 1: > 90 mL/min/ 1.73m^2
Stage 2: 60-89 mL/min/ 1.73m
Stage 3A: 45-59 mL/min/ 1.73m
Stage 3B: 30-44 mL/min/ 1.73m
Stage 4: 15-29 mL/min/ 1.73m
Stage 5/ESRF: <15mL/min/ 1.73m

Question 6

Complications of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 6

• hypercholesterolaemia
• hypovolaemia
• infection
• DVT/ PE
• Pleural effusions due to fluid overload.