Renal

Question 1

Acute Tubular Necrosis urine findings

Answer 1

Urine sodium greater than 40 mmol/l
Urine osmolality less than 350 mOsm/kg

Question 2

Causes of acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 2

Drugs - penicillin, rifampicin, NSAIDs, allopurinol, furosemide
Systemic disease - SLE, sarcoidosis, sjogrens
Infection- hanta virus, staphylococci

Question 3

Acute interstitial nephritis features

Answer 3

Fever
Rash
Arthralgia
Eosinophilia
Mild renal impairment
Hypertensiom

Question 4

Treatment to slow progression in ADPKD

Answer 4

Tolvaptan (vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist)

Question 5

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome triad

Answer 5

AKI
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
Thrombocytopenia

Question 6

Causes of cranial diabetes insipidus

Answer 6

Idiopathic
Post head injury
Pituitary surgery
Craniopharyngiomas
Infiltrative - histocytosis, sarcoidosis
Haemochromatosis

Question 7

Causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 7

Genetic
Electrolytes - hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia
Lithium
Demeclocycline
Tubulo-interstitial disease - obstruction, sickle cell, pyelonephritis

Question 8

Causes of haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 8

Shiva-toxin producing E. coli
Pneumococcal
HIV
Rare - SLE, drugs, cancer

Question 9

Alports syndrome features

Answer 9

Microscopic haematuria
Progressive renal failure
Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
Lenticonus
Retinitis pigmentosa

Question 10

Causative organism in peritonitis due to peritoneal dialysis

Answer 10

Staphylococcus epidermis

Question 11

Thiazide diuretics MoA

Answer 11

Inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption in the DCT

Question 12

Loop diuretics MoA

Answer 12

Inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of henle