Renal

Question 1

Most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 1

Staphylococcus epidermis

Question 2

4 features of ADPCKD?

Answer 2

Hepatic cysts (hepatomegaly)
Diverticulitis
Intracranial aneursyms
Ovarian cysts

Question 3

Which drug slows rate of ADPCKD?

Answer 3

Tolvaptan

Question 4

Type of tumour in Wilm’s tumour?

Answer 4

Nephroblastoma

Question 5

Frank haematuria?

Answer 5

Worry about renal cell carcinoma

Question 6

Which antibiotics can cause acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 6

Penicillin related antibiotics

Question 7

Management of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 7

Radical nephrectomy (usually resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy)
May attempt partial nephrectomy if < 7cm

Question 8

Nut cracker angle?

Answer 8

Where the renal vein lies between abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery
Compression may result in varicocele and can be a sign of RCC

Question 9

“Best” investigation for hydronephrosis?

Answer 9

USS renal tract

Question 10

Most common type of malignant renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 10

Clear cell carcinoma

Question 11

Clear cell carcinoma histology?

Answer 11

Cystic lesion with solid and liquid components
Septated

Question 12

Radiolucent stones?

Answer 12

Xanthine and Urate

Question 13

Semi-opaque stone?

Answer 13

Cystine stone

Question 14

Composition of stag horn calculi?
Where do they form?

Answer 14

Struvite
Form in alkaline urine (due to ammonia producing bacteria)

Question 15

Bilateral hydronephrosis management?

Answer 15

Urethral catheter

Question 16

Most common type of renal stone?

Answer 16

Calcium oxalate

Question 17

What increases risk of VTE in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 17

Loss of antithrombin III, protein C and S

Question 18

Which renal cancer is associated with polycythaemia?

Answer 18

Renal adenocarcinoma

Question 19

Screening test for polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 19

USS

Question 20

CTKUB: Periureteric fat stranding?

Answer 20

may indicate recent stone passage, if a ureteric calculus is not present

Question 21

Urine findings in acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 21

Raised urinary WCC
IgE
Eosinophils

Question 22

Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?

Answer 22

ABCD
Addison’s disease
Bicarb loss
Chloride
Drugs

Question 23

What drug should all patients with CKD be started on?

Answer 23

Statin

Question 24

Amiloride?

Answer 24

Potassium sparing diuretic

Question 25

Management of a steric calculi < 5mm?

Answer 25

Expectant
Usually passed within 4 weeks of symptom onset

Question 26

Management of stones causing obstruction along side infection?

Answer 26

Surgical emergency
Urgent decompression

Question 27

Management of stone < 2cm ?

Answer 27

Lithotripsy

Question 28

Management of stone < 2cm in pregnancy?

Answer 28

Uteroscopy

Question 29

Complex renal calculi and stag horn calculi management?

Answer 29

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 30

AKI stage 1?

Answer 30

Cr increase: 1.5-1.9X baseline
UO: <0.5ml/kg/hr for 6 hours

Question 31

AKI stage 2?

Answer 31

Cr increase: 2-2.9x baseline
UO: <0.5ml/kg/hr for 12 hours

Question 32

AKI stage 3?

Answer 32

Cr increase:3x baseline or >354
UO: <0.3ml/kg/hr for 24 hour or anuric for 12hours

Question 33

What drugs can cause hyaline casts in urine?

Answer 33

Loop diuretics

Question 34

Why should blood transplants be limited in CKD?

Answer 34

Sensitises immune system so may attack transplant

Question 35

Phosphate level in CKD?

Answer 35

Rise