Renal

Question 1

UTI

Location
Complexity
Risk factors

patho

acute cystitis
pyelonephritis

Answer 1

• inflammation of urinary epithelium
• occurs

Location:

• upper = kidneys, ureters. Flank pain and fever
• Lower = bladder, urethra. Can be asymptomatic

Complicated:
= associated with abnormalities. Serious complications (eg elderly, pregnant)

Uncomplicated:
= no abnormalities (eg young, non pregnant)

Risk factors:

• female
• sex
• pregnancy
• age

Patho:
- pathogen colonises in periurethral area, moves into urethra and bladder, replicates . Upper: pathogen further ascends to ureters towards kidney

acute cystitis:
- lower tract infection of bladder

pyelnonephritis
- acute infection of kidney

Question 2

Urinary Retention

Causes
Management

Answer 2

• inability to voluntarily urinate

causes:
- trauma
- surgery
- prostate enlargement

management

• health hx and ax
• bladder scan
• catheter

Question 3

Glomerulonephritis

Patho:
Clinical manifestations:
Risk factors

Answer 3

• disease occurs that triggers and immunological response, resulting in acute kidney injury and renal failure

Clinical manifestations:

• foamy urine
• pink urine
• fluid retention

Risk factors:

• kidney disease
• cancer
• drug use
• Infections

Question 4

Acute kidney injury
Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal

Risk factors:

Manifestations

Answer 4

Prerenal:
- caused by conditions that decrease renal blood flow, and therefore injury occurs

Intrarenal:

• Direct damage which impairs nephron function
• Hypovolaemia or nephrotoxins

Post renal:
- Mechanical Obstruction of uirinary outflow

Risk factors:

• Shock
• Dehydration
• hypovolaemia

Cardiac, resp, gastro, metabolic, urinary

Question 5

Nephrostomy tubes

Answer 5

• inserted when a ureter becomes completely obstructed (infection, trauma, calculi)