Endocrine Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes
- autoimmune, immune system is triggered to destroy all beta cells in islet of langerhans
- absolute insulin deficiency
patho:
- glucose absorbed and enters blood stream, trigger sent to release insulin however no insulin released as there is no islet of langerhans cells
clinical manifestations:
- weight loss
- polyuria
- polydipsia
Type 2 diabetes
- non modifiable and modifiable causes
patho:
- insulin deficiency
- insulin resistance
- target cells develop ineffective response to insulin to send more triggers for more insulin
- Beta cells die from fatigue
Diabetes complications
- hypo <4
caused by imbalance of glucose and insulin.
eg. poor food intake, dehydration, exercise
causes confusion - hyper
- DKA
increased metabolism of fats and proteins, fat releases ketones and ph drops = resp compensation
Micro vs microvascular
- micro = small vessels
- renal, retinopathy and nerve damage
- macro = large vessels
- CV, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovasc disease
Cushings
- chronic exposure of excessive cortisol
- caused by long term admin of exogenous steroids or adrenal tumours and cancers
Clinical manifestations:
- hair thinning
- central obesity
- psychosis
- moon face
treatment:
- surgery
- radiotherapy
- gradual tapering of exogenous steroids
Adrenocorticol insufficiency
(Primary - Addisons disease)
treatment
- hypo secretion of hormones o adrenal or pituitary gland
Primary: Addisons
- adrenal gland can no longer secrete adrenal hormones
Secondary:
- pituitary gland does not make enough ACTH), results in deficiency
Treatment:
- hormone replacement
- fluid replacement
Hyperthyroidism
- hyperactivity of thyroid gland
- sustained elevated levels change bodies metabolism and use of energy - body is constantly working harder and faster = tachy and fatigue
Manifestations:
- weight loss
Hypothyroidism
- under secretion of thyroid hormones
- body works slower
manifestations:
- fatigue
- weight gain
- lethargy
- low temp
