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second year!! > renal > Flashcards

renal Flashcards

1
Q

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

insensitvity to ADH

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2
Q

treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

desmopressin can be used to treat central diabetes insipidus
correct hypernatraemia

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3
Q

stage 2 CKD

A

kidney damage with mild drop in GFR (60-89)

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4
Q

stage 3 CKD

A

moderate drop in GFR (30-59)

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5
Q

stage 4 CKD

A 
severe drop (15-59)
needs kidney transplant
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6
Q

stage 5 CKD

A

<15 GFR

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7
Q

complications of CKD

A 
anaemia 
metabolic acidosis 
CVD 
hypertension 
gout 
renal bone disease 
hyperkalaemia
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8
Q

renal bone disease pathogenesis

A 
high serum phosphate 
low plasma calcium 
secondary hyperparaathyroidism 
acidosis 
management is to reduce phosphate
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9
Q

management of CKD

A

treat reversible causes
decrease CV risk- antiplatelets and statins
diet- high calorie and normal protein
slow progression- ACEi/ARB

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10
Q

diet when on haemodialysis

A

fluid restriction and low salt/phosphate/potassium

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11
Q

graft rejection presentation

A

within 6 months
fever
flank pain
rigor

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12
Q

drugs to avoid in renal failure

A

tetracycline, nitrofurantoin
NSAIDs
lithium
metformin

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13
Q

investigations for renal artery stenosis

A

renal US
duplex US
CT angiography

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14
Q

prostatitis management

A

Ofloxacin 200mg bd or Ciprofloxacin 500mg bd. If high risk CDI: Trimethoprim 200mg bd (all 28 days)

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15
Q

Abdominal distension and suprapubic tenderness on a background of prostatic hyperplasia

A

acute urinary retention

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16
Q

most common cause of acute urinary retention in men

A

BPH

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17
Q

presentation of acute urinary retention

A

Inability to pass urine
Lower abdominal discomfort
Considerable pain or distress
an acute confusional state may also be present in elderly patients
Palpable distended urinary bladder either on an abdominal or rectal exam
Lower abdominal tenderness

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18
Q

investigation for acute urinary retention

A

bladder US to diagnose

urinalysis, bloods etc

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19
Q

management of acute urinary retention

A

decompression of bladder by urinary catheterisation

20
Q

what indicated a bladder washouts

A

moderate or severe haematuria

21
Q

nephrotic picture with history of IVDU

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

22
Q

first line investigation in suspected prostate cancer

A

multiparametric MRI

23
Q

Urinary incontinence in a man with a history of gonorrhoea

A

urinary stricture

24
Q

investigation for kidney stones

A

non-contrast KUB

25
Q

type of drug is tamsulosin

A

alpha-1 antagonist

- promote relaxation of bladder and prostate

26
Q

catheter used in long term urinary retention

A

intermittent self-catherterisation

27
Q

low urea:creatinine ration

A

SIADH, rhabdomylosis, renal damage

28
Q

high urea:creatinine ratio

A

dehydration, steroids, high protein diet or pre-renal failure

29
Q

linear immunofluorescence

A

goodpastures

30
Q

splitting of basement membrane

A

alports- hereditary

31
Q

management of dry ARMD

A

Avoid smoking
Control blood pressure
Vitamin supplementation has some evidence in slowing progression- zinc with anti-oxidant vitamins A,C and E

32
Q

management of wet ARMD

A

Anti-VEGF medications

ranibizumab, bevacizumab and pegaptanib

33
Q

important thing to measure in HHS

A

serum osmolality

34
Q

most common type of prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

35
Q

most common cause of erectile dysfunction

A

vascular cause

hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and major pelvic surgery

36
Q

Homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing

A

lesion of occipital cortex

37
Q

Hypercalcaemia, renal failure, high total protein

A

multiple myeloma

38
Q

CKD with extremely high PTH and raised calcium

A

tertiary hyperparathyroid

39
Q

type 1 renal tubular acidosis

A

pathology in distal tubule- unable to excrete hydrogens

40
Q

causes of renal tubular acidosis type 1

A 
genetic 
SLE
sjogren's 
PBC
hyperthyroidism 
sickle cell anaemia 
marfans
41
Q

presentation of renal tubular acidosis type 1

A

failure to thrive
hyperventilation
CKD
bone disase

42
Q

treatment of renal tubular acidosis type 1

A

bicarbonate

43
Q

most common type of renal tubular acidosis

A

type 4

44
Q

cause of renal tubular acidosis type 4

A

adrenal insufficiency
ACEi and spironolactone
SLE, HIV, diabetes

45
Q

management of renal tubular acidosis type 4

A

fludrocortisone

sodium bicarbonate and treat hyperkalaemia

46
Q

AKI
rash
fever
eosinophilia

A

acute interstitial nephritis

47
Q

management of acute interstitial nephritis

A

steroids

treat underlying

second year!! (7 decks)

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