questions Flashcards
location of the caecum
Proximal right colon below the ileocaecal valve
Intraperitoneal
arterial supply of caecum
Ileocolic artery
right lobe liver blood supply
by right hepatic artery
left lobe liver blood supply
by the left hepatic artery
endothelin
potent, long-acting vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor
what promotes the release of endothelin
angiotensin II
ADH
hypoxia
mechanical shearing forces
inhibits the release of endothelin
nitric oxide
prostacyclin
physiological role of troponin I
binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
treatment of C.difficile
Oral vancomycin
sawtooth appearance on ECG
atrial flutter
TSH levels with hyperthyroidism
decrease
microbial keratitis common history
swimming with contact lenses on
non-sedating antihistamine
loratadine
presentation of maxillary antral carcinoma
nerve involvement leading to anaesthesia of the check
epistaxis
exposure to wood dust or mites
Musculocutaneous nerve typical mechanism of injury
Isolated injury rare - usually injured as part of brachial plexus injury
Axillary nerve mechanism of injury
Humeral neck fracture/dislocation
Results in flattened deltoid
Radial nerve mechanism of injury
Humeral midshaft fracture
Palsy results in wrist drop
Median nerve mechanism of injury
Wrist lesion → carpal tunnel syndrome
presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome
pins and needles and pain around the thumb and index finger which is worse at night
Ulnar nerve mechanism of injury
medial epicondyle injury
rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
Subscapularis
first line treatment of psoriasis
topical steroid and vitamin D eg Calcipotriol
effect of insulin on potassium
decreases serum potassium through stimulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
associated symptoms with SLE
alopecia arthralgia skin rash cytopenia mouth ulcer
Reifenstein syndrome
female breast development and erectile dysfunction
presentation of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
general malaise, proteinuria, haematuria, and is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection by 7-14 days before
best way to stop thyroid eye disease
stop smoking
what is used to help treat symptoms of graves disease
propanolol
definitive treatment of primary hyperparathyroid
remove the parathyroid
conservative management of primary hyperparathryoid
cinacalcet
Calcitonin
hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
reduce blood calcium levels
used to treat hypercalcaemia
management of CKD
Optimise diabetic control-SGLT-2
Optimise hypertensive control- ACEi, ARB
Treat glomerulonephritis
side effects of tamsulosin
dizziness
postural hypotension
sexual dysfunction
drug used to prevent repeating kidney stones
bendroflumethaizide
CKD on haemodialysis most likely cause of death
ischaemic heart disease
Adrenal crisis management
Intensive monitoring
Parenteral steroids (IV hydrocortisone 100mg then 100mg every 6hours)
IV fluid resuscitation
Correct hypoglycaemia
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
what is conn’s
primary hyperaldosteronism
first line management of displaced ankle fracture
closed reduction ?
Ankylosing spondylitis x-ray findings
subchondral erosions, sclerosis
and squaring of lumbar vertebrae
flare up of RA management
Intramuscular steroids such as methylprednisolone ?
enzyme affected in PCT
uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
investigation for PCT
wood lamps- 1st
increased plasma or urinary porphyrins
serum iron ferritin level
liver biopsy
investigation for erythropoietic protoporphyia
fluorocytes
quantitative RBC porphyrins
management of erythropoietic protoporphyia
keep out of sun/ covered up genetic counselling 6 monthly LFTs and RBC porphyrins carotene liver transplant
investigation of acute intermittent porphyria
urine test for porphobilinogen (turns red)
raised urinary porphobilinogen
treatment for rosacea
topical metronidazole- first line
if ineffective- oral tetracycline
treatment for paget’s disease
bisphosphonates- risedronate
complications from a colles fracture
median nerve compression
EPL rupture
CRPS
loss of grip strength
treatment of osteomalacia
vit d therapy with ca& phosphate supplements
what DMARD causes interstitial pneumonitis
methotrexate
rheumatology drug that cause tarry black stool
NSAIDs
bechet’s syndrome
visual loss, moutj ulcers and genital ulcers
CSR and ESR raised
associated with IBD and arthritis
lichen planus management
Check for drug precipitant – lichenoid drug eruption Emollients Treat symptomatically o Topical steroids- betamethasone? o Oral steroids if extensive - UVB phototherapy
investigation for ring worm
scarping sent to microscopy + culture
investigation for impetigo
swabbed and the sample sent in a bacterial container for microscopy and culture
wood lamps- because it is fungal
investigation for shingles
swabbed and sent in a viral container for PCR
investigation for scabies
skin scrappings for microscopy
presentation of porphyria cutanea tarda
photosensitive rash and blisters- face and back of hands
white deposits
hyperpigmentation
hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth)
