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General Sonography > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal size of the adult kidney?

A

10-12 cm L
5 cm W
3 cm T

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2
Q

What are the three structures found in the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Proximal ureter

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3
Q

Are the ureters typically seen on ultrasound?

A

No, only when dilated

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4
Q

What is the anatomic relationship between the spleen and the left kidney?

A

The spleen is located anterior to the upper pole of the left kidney
They are connected by splenorenal ligaments

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5
Q

What kind of organs are the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal

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6
Q

What are the physiological functions of the kidneys?

A

Filtration and excretion of metabolic waste
Electrolyte regulation
Fluid-acid base balance
Blood pressure regulation w/ RAAS
Hormonal functions by erythropoietin, calcitrol, vitamin D

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7
Q

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

20%

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8
Q

What level do the renal arteries branch off the aorta?

A

Level of L2 vertebra

Just inferior to SMA

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9
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of the renal pyramids?

A

Anechoic in hydrated pt
Echogenicity depends on hydration
Renal pelvis filled with urine is anechoic

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10
Q

What would the sonographer try when scanning kidneys?

A

Multiple imaging windows

One will have superior quality

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11
Q

Why is it important to scan through the entire kidney (top to bottom, side to side)?

A

We avoid missing small cysts, stones, or other pathologies

Won’t forget a portion

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12
Q

What are two commonly encountered impediments when scanning the kidneys?

A

Rib shadows and bowel gas

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13
Q

How does a kidney appear in cross section?

A

Round, with C for mid

Superior to inferior

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14
Q

What enhances bladder visualization?

A

If it is full

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15
Q

How is the bladder shaped?

A

Highly distensible

Varies when empty/full

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16
Q

What are the parts of the kidney?

A 
Capsule
Cortex
Pyramids
Sinus
Pelvis
17
Q

What is the transverse bladder shaped like?

A

Rectangle

18
Q

What serves as an acoustic window for the right kidney?

A

Liver

19
Q

How should the kidney be scanned?

A

In two orthogonal planes

In long and short axes

20
Q

What kind of transducer is used for kidney imaging?

A

Curvillinear

21
Q

What is the best patient positioning for RT kidney?

A

Supine

LLD

22
Q

Where are the renal cortex and medulla?

A

Cortex is outside - hyperechoic

Medulla is inside - hypoechoic

23
Q

Which kidney is more superior?

A

Left

24
Q

Do the kidney axes line up with the body axes?

A

No

25
Q

Why is the left kidney more difficult to scan?

A

More sup than RT
Spleen is smaller acoustic window
Oblique plane

26
Q

Is it easy to visualize ureteral stones?

A

No

General Sonography (8 decks)

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