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General Sonography > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of organ is the pancreas?

A

It is mostly retroperitoneal, but the tail can be intraperitoneal

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2
Q

What is the normal size of the pancreas?

A

12-15 cm

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3
Q

What are the locations of the pancreas tail and head?

A

The tail is cephalad and superior

The head is caudal and inferior

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4
Q

Where does the distal CBD run?

A

Through or behind the pancreas head

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5
Q

What are the two ducts that make up the ampulla of Vater?

A

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct

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6
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes for different classes of molecules
Lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and nucleases for digestion
Sodium bicarbonate for buffering gastric hydrochloride acid

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7
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Glucose level regulation by release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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8
Q

What are the pancreatic cells that deal with the endocrine functions?

A

Islets do langerhans

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9
Q

Where are pancreatic islet cells located?

A

In the tail

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10
Q

What is the common disease that results from disruption of pancreatic endocrine functions?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

What are the structures and vessels that can be used to identify the pancreas?

A

Left liver lobe, splenic vein, SMA, AO with left renal a. and IVC with left renal v

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12
Q

What is the normal echogenicity of the pancreas?

A

Uniform, homogenous, and slightly more echogenic than the liver

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13
Q

What is the normal diameter of the pancreatic duct?

A

Less than or equal to 2 mm

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14
Q

How do you obtain a long axis view of the pancreas?

A

In the transverse imaging plane

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15
Q

Why is it difficult to image the entire long pancreas?

A

The transverse lie in the body
Posterior to the stomach
Duodenal segments w/ gas at head and tail

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16
Q

How can a sonographic scan the entire pancreas?

A

Start midline and subxiphoid with left side of transducer angled down
Bring the probe inferior and can or rotate, even oblique if needed
Extra pressure and LLD
Liver as acoustic window

17
Q

What may be used for better visualization of the pancreas?

A

Water and contrast agents

18
Q

What portions of the pancreas should be scanned (AIUM)?

A

Head, uncinate process, body, tail

19
Q

What should assessment of the pancreas include?

A

Parenchyma abnormality
Pancreas head w/ CBD
Measurement and abnormalities of pancreatic duct
Peripancreatic region fluid assessment

20
Q

What upside down letter is the pancreas shaped like?

A

U

21
Q

What structures are posterior to the pancreas?

A

IVC, AO, diaphragm

22
Q

What structures enter the duodenum?

A

CBD, accessory pancreatic duct, duct of Wirsung

23
Q

What structures are the body of the pancreas is anterior to m?

A

SMA, SV, AO

24
Q

What is the tail of the pancreas medial to?

A

Splenic hilum

25
Q

What is the celiac trunk made up of?

A

Hepatic and splenic arteries

26
Q

What supply blood flow to the pancreas?

A

The common hepatic and splenic arteries and their branches

27
Q

What enzymes are released by the pancreas into the duodenum?

A

Lipase
Amylase
Trypsin
Bicarbonate

28
Q

On CT, where is the pancreas tail in relation to the liver?

A

The head is close to the liver and the tail is farther

29
Q

What does the stomach look like on CT?

A

It is anechoic

It can interfere with pancreas imaging

30
Q

What kind of transducer is required for pancreas scanning?

A

Low frequency curvillinear

31
Q

What serves as an acoustic window for scanning the pancreas?

A

Liver

32
Q

How should the pancreas be imaged?

A

In two orthogonal planes

In long axis, transducer indicator is to pt right

33
Q

On CT, how are the major vessels seen?

A

IVC to anatomic right (liver)

AO to anatomic left

34
Q

How is the retroperitoneal cavity formed?

A

Subdivided into several spaces
Bordered ant by posterior parietal peritoneum
Contains the pancreas, ascending and descending colon, IVC, AO

35
Q

What are the two circles on the head of the pancreas?

A

Anterior - gastroduodenal a.

Posterior - common bile duct

36
Q

What percentage of the US population has diabetes?

A

10.5%

37
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in type 1 diabetes?

A

Islet cells that produce insulin are attacked by the body and not enough insulin is produced

38
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance causes body cells to not respond to insulin. Blood sugar rises and pancreas has to work harder but is unable to keep up

General Sonography (8 decks)

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