Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Sonography > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are some conditions that can be evaluated using liver ultrasound?

A 
Cirrhosis
Liver failure
Portal hypertension
Tumors
Abscesses
Traumatic injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is the liver a useful sonographic window?

A

It has high fluid content and natural homogenous parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding the liver called?

A

Glisson’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of structure is the liver?

A

Intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Right upper quadrant
Inferior and posterior to the diaphragm and moves with it during respiration
Anatomic right of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three structures that comprise the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery, common bile duct, portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the liver measured?

A

From inferior tip of dome and along the midclavicular line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the maximum normal size of the liver?

A

16 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do the walls of the hepatic veins look like?

A

They are thin and dull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the walls of the portal vein and hepatic artery look like?

A

They are thick and echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What transducers are preferred for liver scanning?

A

Low frequency 5-2.5 mHZ with curvilinear probe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What may be needed to scan the liver between the ribs?

A

Phased array

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long should a patient be NPO?

A

8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How should a patient be positioned for a liver scan?

A

Supine or left lateral decubitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you optimize liver images?

A

Deep breaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What surfaces of the liver are in contact with the diaphragm?

A

Superior and anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are useful approaches in liver sonography?

A

TA sagittal and transverse
Intercostal
Subcostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do hepatic ligaments appear?

A

Hyperechoic relative to surrounding parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What classification divides the liver into segments

A

Functional or Couinaud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does each liver segment possess a branch of?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein
Bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are characteristics of doppler mode imaging?

A

Color flow provides information regarding the liver

Pulsed wave is useful in evaluating portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the HA supply the liver?

A

With oxygenated blood

Hepatopedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the PV supply the liver?

A

Afferent blood flow from intestines

Hepatopedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What forms the main portal vein?

A

Splenic and superior mesenteric veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What describes HV flow?

A

Drain deoxygenated blood into IVC

Hepatofugal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What liver characteristics should be studied and documented?

A

Contour, echogenicity, and vascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the bile duct look like on US?

A

Hyperechoic walls and lumen w no color flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the HV look like on color doppler?

A

Thin walls w lumen that has flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the HA look like on pulsed wave doppler?

A

Hyperechoic walls w pulsatile flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you differentiate portal and hepatic veins?

A

Tracing path of HV back to IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the diaphragm in regards to the liver?

A

Superior w hyperechoic border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is the potential space for intraperitoneal fluid accumulation?

A

In front of Morison’s pouch

Between liver and RT kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does the HV return blood to?

A

IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the main lobar fissure connect?

A

Gallbladder and portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do we improve liver imaging?

A

Pt fast 8 hours
Deep breath and hold
Raise RT elbow over head
Left lateral decubitus

36
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of the liver?

A

Homogenous parenchyma with mid-grey color
Isoechoic to renal cortex
Hypoechoic to spleen
Vessels and ducts that are anechoic w bright walls

37
Q

What surrounds the liver?

A

Glisson’s pouch

38
Q

What is the largest parenchymal organ in the body?

A

The liver

39
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

Produces and secretes bile

Synthesizes clotting factors

40
Q

What structures should you capture on liver ultrasound?

A

IVC, HV, PV & branches w color

Right, left, caudate lobes

41
Q

What axis should the liver be measured in?

A

Longitudinal

42
Q

What can we use as a comparison when evaluating liver echogenicity?

A

Right kidney

43
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right, left, caudate, quadrate

44
Q

What is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres

45
Q

What does the main lobar fissure separate?

A

Right and left hemiliver lobes

46
Q

Where does the main lobar fissure run?

A

From gallbladder through IVC to caudate lobe

47
Q

What vessel carries the greatest percentage of total blood flow to the liver?

A

Portal vein

75%

48
Q

What vessels form the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior and inferior mesenteric veins

49
Q

What do the splenic and superior and inferior mesenteric veins empty?

A

Spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, GI tract

50
Q

What are normal flow patterns of HV?

A

Hepatofugal
Pulsatile
Multiphasic

51
Q

What are normal flow patterns of HA?

A

Hepatopedal

Low resistant

52
Q

What are normal flow patterns of PV?

A

Hepatopedal
Continuous flow
Moderate pulsatility

53
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver for carbs?

A

Conversion of dietary sugars into glucose
Excess glucose into glycogen and stored
Glycogen back to glucose

54
Q

Why can liver disease lead to hypoglycemia?

A

It prevents the liver from making enough glucose

Glucose deficiency

55
Q

Why can liver disease lead to hyperglycemia?

A

Liver may fail to convert excess glucose into glycogen

56
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver associated with fats?

A

Metabolism of fats
Dietary fats to lipoproteins
Converts fats to energy

57
Q

What is fatty liver?

A

Nonspecific finding

Manifestation of many kinds of hepatocellular disease

58
Q

What may fatty liver disease be associated with?

A 
Hepatitis
Alcoholic liver disease
Obesity
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Chemical exposure
59
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver with proteins?

A

Produces proteins from amino acids and raw materials
Produces albumin
Produces fibrinogen and thrombin for coagulation

60
Q

Why can liver disease cause edema?

A

Loss of vascular osmotic pressure causes fluid build up in interstitial space

61
Q

What is the principal cause of ascites development?

A

Portal hypertension

62
Q

Why can liver disease cause hemorrhage?

A

Decreased production of thrombin and fibrinogen needed for clotting

63
Q

What are hepatic enzymes?

A

Protein catalysts that leak into bloodstream when liver cells are damaged or destroyed

64
Q

What is the detoxification function of the liver?

A

Detox waste products of energy production

Breaks down foreign chemicals

65
Q

Why would a Pt with severe liver disease have fruity or pungent breath?

A

Because of an ammonium concentration

66
Q

Why is failure of ammonium detox serious?

A

If not detoxified by the liver, it can cause coma or death from blood loss

67
Q

Describe uptake of bilirubin

A

Bilirubin separated from albumin and taken by hepatocytes

68
Q

Describe conjugation of bilirubin

A

Bilirubin molecule combined with glucuronide

69
Q

Describe excretion of bilirubin

A

Bilirubin released from hepatocytes, goes through bile ducts to bowel

70
Q

What is bile?

A

The excretory product of the liver formed by hepatocytes

71
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsification of fat

Removal of waste products from bile excretion

72
Q

What causes echogenic bile?

A

Stasis

Decreased bile from the liver

73
Q

What is aspartate aminotransferase? AST

A

Enzyme found in tissues w high metabolic rate

74
Q

What are pathologies associated w AST?

A

Acute hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Hepatic necrosis
Infectious mononucleosis

75
Q

What is alanine aminotransferase? ALT

A

Enzyme found in tissues w high metabolic rate

76
Q

What are pathologies associated w ALT?

A 
Acute cirrhosis
Hepatic metastasis
Pancreatitis
Infectious or toxic hepatitis
Hepatocellular disease
77
Q

Where is lactic acid dehydrogenase found?

A

Liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle, brain, lungs

78
Q

What are pathologies associated with lactic acid dehydrogenase?

A

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Obstructive jaundice

79
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase?

A

Enzyme produced by liver, bone, intestines, and placenta

80
Q

What are pathologies associated with alkaline phosphatase?

A

Intra or extrahepatic obstruction
Hepatic carcinoma
Abscess
Carcinoma

81
Q

What is bilirubin a product of?

A

Hemoglobin breakdown of tired red blood cells

82
Q

What is direct bilirubin?

A

Conjugated

83
Q

What is indirect bilirubin?

A

Unconjugated

84
Q

What is prothrombin?

A

Liver enzyme that plays a part in blood clotting mechanism

85
Q

What is albumin?

A

Serum used to detect protein synthesis levels

Low albumin, low PS

86
Q

What is globulin?

A

Used to show chronic liver diseases

Elevated globulin = CLD

87
Q

What are indications for a liver scan?

A

Elevated LFT
Prior dx of hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis
Hepatomegaly
Mass near or in liver

General Sonography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions