Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of chronic kidney disease?

A 
Diabetes
Hypertension
Age-related
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Meds: NSAIDs, PPI and lithium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the risk factors of chronic kidney disease?

A 
Older age
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Use of  medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the presentation of chronic kidney disease?

A

Usually asymptomatic

Pruritus
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Oedema
Muscle cramps
Peripheral neuropathy
Pallor
Hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the investigations of chronic kidney disease?

A

eGFR: 2 tests 3 months apart

Proteinuria: >3mg/mmol

Haematuria

Renal US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the scoring system for chronic kidney disease?

A

G score based on eGFR:

G1: >90
G2: 60-89
G3a: 45-59
G3b: 30-44
G4: 15-29
G5: <15
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease?

A

at least an eGFR of <60 or proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat hypertension in chronic kidney disease and what is the therapeutic blood pressure aim?

A

ACEi are first line

Offered to:
Diabetes+ACR>3mg
HTN+ACR>30mg
All patients with ACR>70mg

Aim to keep blood pressure <140/90

Serum potassium needs to be monitored because CKD and ACEi cause hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is anaemia of chronic kidney disease?

A

Damaged kidney cells in CKD causes a drop in EPO so there’s a drop in RBC and subsequent anaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the management of anaemia in chronic kidney disease?

A

EPO stimulating agent such as exogenous EPO

IV iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the features of renal bone disease?

A

Osteomalacia (softening)
Osteoporosis (brittle)
Osteosclerosis (hardening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the x-ray changes seen in renal bone disease?

A

Spine xray shows sclerosis of both ends of the vertebra and osteomalacia in the center of the vertebra.

Known as “rugger jersey” spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the management of renal bone disease?

A

Active forms of vit D (calcitrol)
Low phosphate diet
Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of nephritic syndrome?

A

Haematuria
Oligouria
Proteinuria <3g/24hr
Fluid retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the criteria for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Peripheral oedema
Proteinuria >3g/24hr
Serum albumin <25g/L
Hypercholestrolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat most glomerulonephritis?

A

Immunosuppression (e.g steroids)

Blood pressure control by blocking the RAS system (ACEi or ARBs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the presentation of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Oedema and frothy urine (proteinuria).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and the treatment?

A

Minimal change disease

Usually idiopathic and treated with steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is IgA nephropathy (AKA Berger’s disease)?

A

Most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis.

Peak age is 20s

Histology shows IgA deposits and glomerular mesangial proliferation

20
Q

What is membranous glomerulonephritis and give the cause?

A

Most common type of glomerulonephritis overall

Bimodal peak in age 20s and 60s

Histology shows IgG and complement deposits on basement membrane

Majority idiopathic

Can be secondary to malignancy, rheumatoid disorders and drugs (NSAID)

21
Q

What is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Patients typically under 30.

Presents as:

  • 1-3 weeks after streptococcal infection
  • Develop a nephritis syndrome
  • Usually a full recovery
22
Q

What is the difference between goodpasture syndrome and granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Good pasture syndrome:

  • AKI
  • Haemoptysis
  • Anti-GBM antibodies

Wegener’s granulomatosis:

  • AKI
  • Haemoptysis
  • ANCA antibodies
  • Wheeze, sinusitis and saddle shaped nose
23
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Genetic condition where the kidneys develop multiple fluid filled cysts. There is an autosomal dominant and recessive types.

24
Q

What are the extra-renal manifestations of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Cerebral aneurysms

Hepatic, splenic, pancreatic, ovarian and prostatic cysts

Cardiac valve disease (Mitral regurg)

Colonic diverticula

Aortic root dilation

25
Q

What is the management of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Tolvaptan (vasopressin receptor antagonist)

26
Q

What is renal carcinoma?

A

Most common type of kidney tumour.

It is a type of adenocarcinoma that arises from renal tubules

27
Q

What is the presentation of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Haematuria
Flank pain
Palpable mass

28
Q

What are the types of renal cell carcinomas?

A

Clear cell (80%)
Papillary (15%)
Chromophobe (5%)

Wilm’s tumour specific in <5yr

29
Q

What is the spread of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Cannonball metastases in the lungs

30
Q

What is the management of renal cell carcinomas

A

Partial nephrectomy
Radical nephrectomy

Arterial embolisation
Percutaneous cryotherapy
Radiofrequency ablation

Chemo+Radio

31
Q

What is buerger’s disease?

A

Also known as thromboangitis obliterans

Inflmmatory condition that causes thrombus formation in the small and medium-sized blood vessels

32
Q

What is the presentation of buerger’s disease?

A

Painful blue discolouration to fingertips or tips of the toes

Pain worse at night

Corckscrew collaterals on angiograpm

33
Q

What is the treatment of buerger’s disease

A

Stop smoking

IV iloprost

34
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

Where skeletal muscle tissue breaks down and releases breakdown products into the blood.

Myoglobin
Potassium
Phosphate
CK

35
Q

What are the causes of rhabdomyolysis?

A

Prolonged immobility
Extremely rigorous exercise
Crush injuries
Seizures

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms ofrhabdomyolysis?

A 
Muscle aches and pain
Oedema
Fatigue
Confusion
Red-brown urine
37
Q

What are the investigations in rhabdomyolysis?

A

CK high
Myoglobinurea (red-brown urine)
AKI and hyperkalaemia (U+E and ECG)

38
Q

What is the management of rhabdomyolysis?

A

IV fluids
IV sodium bicarbonate
IV mannitol
Treat complications

39
Q

What is the histopathological finding on kidney biopsy of end stage renal disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy?

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

40
Q

What must be done prior to starting definitive treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Renal biopsy

41
Q

What is the age of presentation of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Dominant: age 15-30 with renal failure and hypertension (most common 30-40)
Recessive: neonatal

42
Q

Most common site for a renal stone?

A

Vesicoureteric junction

43
Q

What is the presentation of IgA nephropathy?

A

Visible haematuria 1-2 days after an URTI in young males

44
Q

Which drugs should be stopped in an AKI?

A 
NSAIDs (Except aspirin if for cardio)
Aminoglycosides e.g gentomycin
ACEi
ARBs
Diuretics
45
Q

Which medication is contraindicated in patients with renovascular disease?

A

ACEi

46
Q

Which condition has a poor response to fluid challenge?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

47
Q

What does CKD do to HbA1c?

A

Makes it falsly low

Finals (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions