renal 1000ft view

Question 1

What is contained in the outer cortex of the kidney

Answer 1

glomeruli
proximal tubules
some of the distal tubule

Question 2

What is contained within the inner medulla of the kidney

Answer 2

8-10 renal pyramids
renal pelvis
renal papilla

Question 3

How many nephrons are within a kidney

Can they regenerate?

Answer 3

1.2 million/kidney

no

Question 4

How much of the cardiac output goes to the kidney

Answer 4

20-25%

Question 5

how many capillary beds to kidneys have

what are they

What separates them

Answer 5

2 set

glomerular, peritubular

efferent arterioles

Question 6

What is the benefit of having 2 sets of capillary beds in the kidneys

Answer 6

it allows for better regulation of hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

What occurs if the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is too high

Answer 7

there will be rapid filtration and dumping

Question 8

What occurs if the hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries is too low

Answer 8

fluid reabsorption

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 9

Nephron

Question 10

Where is the loop of Henle located

Answer 10

renal pyramid

Question 11

What is included within the renal corpuscle

Answer 11

Glomerulus
bowmans capsule
mesangial cells

Question 12

what is the gllomerulus and where are they found

What is the hydrstatic pressure?

What are the vessels covered in

Answer 12

bunch of capillaries that loop together within the bowmans capsule

60mmHg

epithelial cells

Question 13

What are the 2 layers of the bowmans capsule

Answer 13

Parietal epithelial (outer)
visceral epithelial

Question 14

What within the visceral layer is responsible for creating a network of intracellular clefts

Why is this important

Answer 14

Podocytes

moderates filtration

Question 15

What in the glomerulus prevents proteinuria

Answer 15

negative charge protein molecules

Question 16

What is found within the filtration membrane of the glomerulus

Answer 16

basement membrane and podocytes

Question 17

What type of cells make up the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 17

cuboidal cells with brush border

Question 18

What is reabsorbed within the PCT

Answer 18

sodium and water

Question 19

Where is the concentration of urine primarily completed

Answer 19

LOH
distal tubules

Question 20

What is the number 1 protein found in urine and where is it made

Whats its job

Answer 20

Tamm-Horsfall
made in the LOH

Help prevent UTI

Question 21

When is the LOH permeable to water

what needs to be present

Answer 21

ADH

Question 22

Which part of the kidney has the contractile properties

Answer 22

Renal pelvis

Question 23

How big are the ureters

what type of muscle

Answer 23

3mm diameter
25-35cm in length

smooth

When stretched, will have peristalsis

Question 24

What innervates the ureters and where will pain be felt

Answer 24

10th thoracic N root
umbilicus

Question 25

Where does the bladder sit in kids compared to adults

Answer 25

kids: above symphysis adults: in pelvis

Question 26

How are the muscles in the bladder organized

Answer 26

basket weave of smooth muscle

Question 27

Where do ureters connect to the bladder

Answer 27

posterior/inferior with trigone in between

Question 28

What stimulates micturition

Answer 28

urine volume in the bladder is above threshhold *autonomic reflex

Question 29

How long is the urethra in males compared to females | what lines the urethra

Answer 29

3-4cm in women 18-20cm in men | uroepithelium

Question 30

What determines the GFR

Answer 30

Afferent and Efferent flow

Question 31

If the blood pressure is low, how do the afferent and efferent arterioles try to maintain the GFR

Answer 31

Afferent arteriole will dialate to get more blood into the glomerulus and the efferent will constrict so the blood will stay in the glomerulus longer

Question 32

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus | What kind of cells make this up

Answer 32

area where the afferent arteriole is in contact with the ascending LOH Senses blood pressure and will help regulate renin release | Granular cells - sense stretch ## Footnote Macula densa- helps with renin

Question 33

What is the Macula Densa | Where is it found

Answer 33

chief cells within the kidney, playing key sensory and regulatory functions in the maintenance of body fluid, electrolyte homeostasis, and blood pressure. | Marks the end of the ascending thick LOH

Question 34

What does the Macula Densa do

Answer 34

Monitor NaCl concentration in DCT | *if it decreases renin will be released

Question 35

What type of cells within the Kidney release Renin

Answer 35

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 36

How does Adenosine effect BP

Answer 36

causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole = lower BP flow into glomerular capillaries = decrease GFR

Question 37

What is responsible for vasodilation of both afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 37

Nitric oxide

Question 38

What does the Macular densa release to help regulate BP

Answer 38

Adenosine = vasoconstriction Nitric Oxide = Vasodilation

Question 39

What does a systemic decrease in BP cause | what is released

Answer 39

Baroreceptors become stimulated and catecholamines will be released

Question 40

What hormone can be released in times on low BP to help increase the metabolism of catecholamines

Answer 40

Renalase