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Pathology II Exam 1 > Renal 1 > Flashcards

Renal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 main categories of clinical renal syndromes discussed in class and their major findings

A
  • Acute renal failure: oliguria and rapid rise in serum creatinine
  • nephrotic syndrome: proteinuria >3.5 g
  • nephritic syndrome: hematuria
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2
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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3
Q

How can you tell proximal vs distal convoluted tubules when looking at the kidneys?

A

in the proximal convoluted tubules the “brush” border has sloughed and can be seen in the lumen; thus, the lumen appears partially filled.

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4
Q

Acute renal failure is due to _______ (anatomic location) injury

A

tubular

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5
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is due to __________ defects

A

glomerular capillary filtration defects

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6
Q

nephritis is due to breaks in the ______ loops

A

glomerular capillary

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7
Q

Name 3 causes of acute renal failure

A
  1. acute tubular necrosis
  2. acute interstitial nephritis
  3. acute pyelonephritis
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8
Q

Name 3 causes of nephrotic syndrome

A
  1. membranous nephropathy
  2. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
  3. minimal change disease
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9
Q

Name 3 types of acute nephritic syndrome

A
  1. crescentic glomerulonephritis
  2. lupus nephritis (proliferative type)
  3. post-infectious glomerulonephritis
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10
Q

Name 2 causes of “isolated hematuria”

A
  1. IgA nephropathy

2. Alport’s disease

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11
Q

T/F- if untreated or non-responsive, acute renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and nephritic syndrome can all progress to chronic renal failure

A

True

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12
Q

Name 3 common histological findings of chronic renal failure

A
  1. glomerular sclerosis
  2. interstitial fibrosis
  3. tubular atrophy
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13
Q

What type of IF pattern would you see in Anti-GBM disease?

A

linear capillary loop patterns

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14
Q

What type of IF pattern would you see in membranous nephropathy or lupus nephritis?

A

Granular capillary loop pattern

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15
Q

What type of IF pattern would you see in IgA nephropathy or Lupus nephritis?

A

mesangial pattern

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16
Q

Lupus nephritis can display what two types of IF staining?

A

mesangial or granular capillary loop pattern

17
Q

What is a podocyte?

A

glomerular epithelial cell

18
Q

What are two main classifications or mechanisms of glomerular injury?

A
  1. immune mechanisms
    - immune complex (e.g. membranous glomerulonephropathy)
    - T-cell mediated (e.g. minimal change disease)
  2. non-immune mechanisms (genetic structural disorders e.g. Alports syndrome)
19
Q

What disease is caused by a mutation in type IV collagen gene causing structural weakness to the GBM which is composed of type IV collagen?

A

Alport’s sydnrome

20
Q

What do they mean by focal vs diffuse vs global vs segmental?

A

Glomerular changes can be focal (<50% of all glomeruli) or diffuse (in all or almost all the glomeruli), and segmental (only a part of the glomerulus) or global (the entire glomerulus).

21
Q

Name two causes of acute pre-renal failure

A
  1. cardiac shock

2. dehydration

22
Q

Name one cause of post-renal acute renal failure

A
  1. obstructive stone
23
Q

Name the general example given in class for the cause of acute intrarenal failure

A

tubulointerstitial diseases (acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute pyelonephritis)

24
Q

T/F- renal tubular disease can occur secondary to severe glomerular diseases?

A

true

25
Q

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

A

ATN

26
Q

Is ATN usually reversible?

A

yes (very often)

27
Q

What are two common causes of ATN?

A
  • hypovolemia/ischemia

- drug toxicity

28
Q

What will you see histologically in ATN?

A
  • necrotic debris in tubules

- dilated tubules with flattened epithelium

29
Q

Most common cause of AIN?

A

DRUG INDUCED

  • antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
30
Q

Symptoms of AIN?

A
  • fever, rash, eosinophilia

- rising serum creatinine and oliguria

31
Q

If you see eosinophils in the interstitial what should you suspect as the cause?

A

DRUGS

32
Q

T/F- acute pyelonephritis presents very similar in appearance histologically to AIN but the inflammatory infiltrates in pyelonephritis include numerous neutrophils

A

true

33
Q

If you have chronic pyelonephritis, what organ will your kidney begin to resemble?

A

The atrophic tubules look like the thyroid gland architecture and so sometimes called “thyroidization”

Pathology II Exam 1 (8 decks)

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