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Social Studies 8 > Renaissance Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Renaissance Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define compass.

A

Used for finding the direction a ship is traveling.

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2
Q

What is the origin of the compass?

A

Probably developed in China about 1700 years ago, used by Muslim travelers in navigation.

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3
Q

Define astrolabe.

A

Used North Star and/or sun to calculate latitude.

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4
Q

What is the origin of the astrolabe?

A

Probably invented by ancient Greeks, further developed by Arabian mathematicians/astronomers.

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5
Q

Define cross-staff.

A

Used to measure the altitude of Pole Star above the horizon to determine latitude.

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6
Q

What is the origin of the cross-staff?

A

Invented around 1342 for astronomy and was first used around 1514 for navigation.

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7
Q

Define back-staff.

A

Measures the altitude of the sun to determine latitude.

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8
Q

What is the origin of the back-staff?

A

Developed in 1594 as an improvement of the cross-staff.

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9
Q

Define circumnavigate.

A

Travel completely around something where the start and finish point is the same; to travel the world.

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10
Q

Define expansionism.

A

The actions and attitudes of a state/country whose goal is to expand its power/territory.

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11
Q

Define navigation.

A

The science of determining the course, position and distance traveled, especially of a ship.

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12
Q

Define imperialism.

A

Extension of power over a territory, including its resources and people.

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13
Q

Define mutiny.

A

Rebellion against any authority.

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14
Q

Why were oceans still unknown during the Renaissance? (3)

A
  1. They supposedly contained monsters.
  2. Waters were treacherous.
  3. Ships were not built to withstand such unknowns.
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15
Q

What did Christopher Columbus do?

A

Despite the fear of the oceans, he ventured out in his ships with the support of the Spanish monarchs.

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16
Q

What did merchants do during the age of exploration and why?

A

Merchants invested in new business ventures across Europe. The economic worldview of the time encouraged growth and expansion. Trade grew across Europe as people with money demanded luxury goods.

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17
Q

What did the economic worldview of the age of exploration encourage? (2)

A
  1. Growth.

2. Expansion.

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18
Q

How did the price of goods increase?

A

Renaissance people thrived on the exotic goods from Asia; their greed drove them to trade more to gather more Asian goods. As goods passed through more and more hands, the price of those goods increased each time they passed through yet another set of hands. Sometimes, products sold back in Italy cost 100, 1000, or even 2000 times their original price.

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19
Q

What did Europeans think of the increasing prices of goods?

A

Europeans resented the high prices that they were forced to pay so people began to wonder how they could get involved in this enterprise.

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20
Q

What were the factors that made trade routes no longer protected? (2)

A
  1. The fall of the Mongolian empire.

2. The conquest of Christian Constantinople by the Muslim Turks.

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21
Q

What was the result of trade routes no longer being protected?

A

Traders would often get ambushed being left without their goods, or worse, dead.

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22
Q

What did the unsafety of trade routes lead to?

A

Traders, merchants, and explorers began looking for different trade routes that were safer. Europeans believed there was a sea route to Asia to get their goods: but which way did they have to go?

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23
Q

Who began looking for a sea route to Asia? (3)

A
  1. Traders.
  2. Merchants.
  3. Explorers.
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24
Q

What was happening to European mines during the age of exploration?

A

They were running out of gold and silver.

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25
Q

Why was running out of gold and silver such a problem?

A

All goods were paid for by gold and silver coins (gold coins being worth more than silver). If they were to run out of coins, how were they supposed to buy and pay for goods? Europeans needed to find more gold and silver mines.

26
Q

What were the MAJOR factors that contributed to the age of exploration? (3)

A
  1. The Silk Road was no longer safe.
  2. Europe mines were running out of gold and silver.
  3. There was a goal to expand Christianity.
27
Q

What did explorers and monarchs who sponsored explorers believe with regards to religion?

A

That they were following Jesus’s wishes in spreading Christianity to all the lands they visited.

28
Q

Define means.

A

The things you need to accomplish a goal.

29
Q

What were the means the Europeans needed to explore? (5)

A
  1. Ships.
  2. Navigational tools.
  3. Crew.
  4. Supplies.
  5. Money, etc.
30
Q

What was the story with regards to Europeans knowledge of the world before exploration revealed things to them?

A

Europeans were very aware of what was within their own land, Europe, but were limited in their knowledge of the outside world. Books, like those written of Marco Polo’s adventures, were very popular but were often full of misinformation and could not be relied on.

31
Q

Where was Prince Henry the Navigator from?

A

He was a Portuguese prince.

32
Q

What was Prince Henry the Navigator interested in?

A

He was very interested in ships and navigation.

33
Q

What things did Prince Henry the Navigator do? (2)

A
  1. He sponsored many voyages along the coast of Africa.

2. He established a center at Sagres (Portugal) where people shared their knowledge.

34
Q

What did people do at Prince Henry the Navigator’s center in Portugal? (3)

A

They gathered to share their knowledge and worked together to…

  1. Improve navigational instruments.
  2. Draw more accurate maps.
  3. Create mathematical tables to help sailors determine their latitude.
35
Q

Define latitude.

A

Distance north or south of the equator.

36
Q

What kind of people attended Prince Henry the Navigator’s center in Sagres/Portugal? (5)

A
  1. Cartographers.
  2. Mathematicians.
  3. Astronomers.
  4. Sailors.
  5. Navigators.
37
Q

How much did Europeans improve with regard to exploration?

A

Within 100 years, Europeans went from sailing the seas around Europe to circumnavigating the world. Everyone was in competition with everyone else to establish trade routes for goods.

38
Q

What task were explorers given?

A

Expanding their country’s power and territory.

39
Q

Who was the first person to establish trade posts outside of Europe?

A

Prince Henry the Navigator.

40
Q

Where did Prince Henry’s explorers travel?

A

South along the coast of Africa, setting up trade posts for gold from Africa to Portugal.

41
Q

The Portuguese would hire…

A

Locals as interpreters. This provided them with reliable information about the area (Africa) as well as established positive trading relationships with the communities.

42
Q

What did the Portuguese become involved with as a result of traveling to Africa so often?

A

The slave trade in Africa.

43
Q

Where did the Portuguese bring African slaves? (2)

A
  1. To sugar plantations on islands in the Atlantic.

2. To the Americas.

44
Q

How did most slaves die? (2)

A
  1. Died en route due to poor conditions on ships.

2. Died from being overworked.

45
Q

What did Bartolomeu Dias accomplish?

A

He led the first Portuguese expedition around the Cape of Good Hope.

46
Q

Why could Bartolomeu Dias not continue on to India after having reached the Cape of Good Hope?

A

Because his crew mutinied and prevented the continuation of the expedition.

47
Q

What did Vasco de Gama accomplish?

A

A second voyage after the one of Bartolomeu Dias, in which he sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean.

48
Q

Where did Vasco de Gama’s voyage end and what were the rewards?

A

They landed in the city of Calicut. Vasco successfully brought back exotic goods and spices to Portugal, establishing a trade sea route around Africa to the East.

49
Q

What caused the Battle of Diu?

A

After the successful establishment of the sea route between Portugal into the Indian Oceans, more ships began traveling into the Arabian nations. The Arabians felt threatened over the invasion and fought back at the small trade port of Diu.

50
Q

What was Diu?

A

A small trade port at which the Battle of Diu took place.

51
Q

Who was involved in the Battle of Diu?

A

The Portuguese and the Arabians.

52
Q

Who won the Battle of Diu and why?

A

Although the Arabian ships were bigger than the Portuguese ships, Portuguese ships had cannons and thus, they were able to win this battle.

53
Q

What did the Portuguese do after winning the Battle of Diu?

A

They established military control in the area and set up trading forts colonies across southern Asia.

54
Q

What was Christopher Columbus convinced of?

A

That a shorter route to Asia existed by going West across the Atlantic Ocean.

55
Q

How long did Columbus sail before he reached land?

A

For 33 days.

56
Q

When Columbus reached land, what happened that made the voyage worthwhile?

A

He was convinced he had reached Asia. He found a surplus of gold in the Americas and brought it back to Spain. This made Spain very wealthy. More countries began to explore the West to find these riches.

57
Q

What did the rest of Columbus’ life look like?

A

He made three more expeditions to the Caribbean and Americas and died a bitter and poor man.

58
Q

What did Ferdinand Magellan do?

A

Started the first recorded voyage to circumnavigate the world. Sailed along the coast of South Africa. Reached the Philippines after four months of sailing.

59
Q

What happened to Ferdinand Magellan?

A

Was killed in a local war.

60
Q

What happened after Ferdinand Magellan was killed?

A

Elcano took over and continued westward, reaching Spain loaded with spices - having successfully finished the voyage.

61
Q

What did Monarchs do?

A

Gave explorers rights to claim land for their country, while giving them a cut of the profits.

Social Studies 8 (14 decks)

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