Renaissance

Question 1

How did Wealth and Education help trigger the Renaissance?

Answer 1

Re-birth of interest in Greeks and Roman
Educated people thought the Greeks and Roman were just like them -intelligent and thoughtful
Looked down on the Middle Age people as ignorant

Question 2

Why were there new translation of Greek and Roman books in the Renaissance?

Answer 2

They didn’t trust people in the Middle Ages
Worried they wrong and might of missed vital knowledge
Made new editions of Greek and Romans books, including nearly 600 editions of Galens books.

Question 3

What was the most important thing that was re-born in the Renaissance?

Answer 3

Enquiry - willingness to challenge existing ideas

Began to ask questions and look carefully; realised Galen didn’t know everything and was sometimes wrong

Question 4

Why did people change their attitudes towards Enquiry in the Renaissance?

Answer 4

People realised that the Greeks loved enquiry;’asking questions, challenging old ideas( like the gods causing diseases) and suggesting new ones ( 4 humours)
If the Greeks could ask questions sand challenge old ideas then so could they .

Question 5

Why was the Black Death and important factor in the Renaissance?

Answer 5

Many of the survivors were better-off because employers had to pay higher wage to attract workers
Many people had spare time and spare money and they spent do,r of this time and money on education

Question 6

What were the Physicians like in the Renaissance?

Answer 6

Still accepted Hippocrates theory
Training was concentrated on the writings of Greek doctors, especially Galen, and Arab doctors such as Ibn Sina
Read the work of Vesalius, Pare and Harvey but were often reluctant to accept that Galen could have been wrong
Advised clients to stay healthy through a good diet and exercise
Watched dissections take place but sometimes still used humans

Question 7

Describe in detail what Andreas Vesalius discovered?

Answer 7

Anatomy of the Human Body
Human Jaw bone is made from one bone, not two as Galen said
The breastbone has 3 parts, not seven as Galen said
Blood does not flow through invisible holes in the septum - such holes do not exist

Question 8

What was Andreas Vesalius book called and why what is important?

Answer 8

The Fabric of the Human Body; first highly illustrated book on human anatomy
His book spread knowledge and his attitude, showing others the way forward

Question 9

Describe was Vesalius was important

Answer 9

Challenged Galen ideas
Paved the way for others to challenge traditional ideas
Proved Galen wrong
Carried out human dissections to learn more instead of animal ones

Question 10

Why was Technology an important factor in Vesalius and his work?

Answer 10

Made great use of the new invention of printing
Chose the best Pinter and supervised the engraving of the illustrations himself
Printing Meant that everything came out the same with no mistakes
Thousands of copies printed quickly and used all over Europe

Question 11

Explain how Andreas Vesalius was determined.

Answer 11

Inventive and Determined
Stole the body of a criminal from the gallows to dissect and he worked at Padua where dissection was encouraged
He insisted on making sure every detail of his book was printed correctly

Question 12

How did Art help Vesalius and his work?

Answer 12

Artists were interested in dissection to improve their own work and he used them to illustrate his work

Question 13

Why did some people oppose Vesalius)

Answer 13

Many doctors refused to accept that Galen could be wrong
Nobody was healthier as result of Vesalius work
Some said Vesalius work only showed that the body had changed since Galen time
Many more discoveries were needed before people would live longer, healthier lives

Question 14

Describe in detail what William Harvey discovered.

Answer 14

Blood circulated around the body
Proved that the heart acts as a pump, pumping blood around the body, he did this by;
Dissecting live cold-blooded animals whose hearts beat slowly so he could see the movement of each muscle in the heart
Dissecting human bodies
Proving that the body has a one-way system for the blood - he tried to pump liquid past the valves in the veins but could not do so
Calculating that the amount of blood going into the arteries each hour was three times the weight of a man. This showed that the same blood is being pumped around the body by the heart

Question 15

Where did William Harvey possibly get his idea about blood circulating around the body?

Answer 15

Mechanical water pumps in London may have given Harvey the idea that the heart is pumping blood.
Source 1: water pump being used to gift a fire in the 1660s. Pumps like this had valves to direct the flow of water

Question 16

Why was Harvey so good in the work he did?

Answer 16

Careful dissection, observation of detail and experiment
Exceptionally thorough in his work, spending many hours repeating experiments and going over every detail
Read the work of earlier doctors and was able to use it to build his theory

Question 17

Why did people oppose Harvey’s theory?

Answer 17

There was still much much to discover about blood - doctors could not make blood transfusions until they discovery blood groups in 1901
Some doctors ignored his theory; other said he was contradicting Galen; only 50 years until Paris taught Harvey’s ideas rather than Galens
Did not make anyone better; fewer patients came to see him; pm any thought his idea was mad

Question 18

How were wounds being treated before Ambroise Pare made his discovery

Answer 18

Gunpowder in gunshot wounds was thought to be poisonous so wounds were treated by pouring boiling oil onto them to kill the poison or by ramming an oil soaked cloth in the wound and binding it up. Both were really painful.

Question 19

How were Open wounds treated before Ambroise Pare discovery?

Answer 19

Open wounds and amputations were closed by putting a red-hot iron called a cautery onto the wound to seal the blood vessels. Cauterising a wound was also incredibly painful

Question 20

Describe in detail Pares achievements.

Answer 20

Pare changed the treatment of gunshot wounds
Used s mixture of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine to treat gunshot wounds
Used ligatures to stop bleeding - silk threads tied around individual blood vessels. He did this instead of using a cauterising iron, which he called the “ old and too cruel way of healing “
Designed and arrange the making of false limbs for wounded soldiers, and including drawings of them in his books to spread

Question 21

How was Ambroise Pare individual genius important in his breakthrough in surgery?

Answer 21

Was determined, intelligent, willing to try new ideas
He didn’t give in to critics who said new ideas were mistaken
Willing to learn from his own work and not rely on reading books
Said surgery is learned with the eye and the hand not reading books

Question 22

How was Army and important factor in Ambrosie Pares breakthrough discovery in surgery

Answer 22

As an Army surgeon, Paré had plenty of practice and opportunity to try new method

Question 23

Why was Chance an important factor in Ambroise Pare discovery in Surgery?

Answer 23

Pare only tried his new remedy for gunshot wounds when he ran out of boiling oil.

Question 24

Why was Technology and Important factor in Ambroise Pare discovery in Surgery?

Answer 24

Printing spread Pares ideas much more quickly and widely than the new ideas of medieval surgeons such as Theodoric of Lucca

Question 25

Why did people oppose Ambroise Pare discovery about Surgery?

Answer 25

Stopping bleeding with ligatures was slow
Ligatures were dangerous because the thread carry infection deep into a wound, causing death
Pare discoveries were still small-scale compared with the major problems facing surgeons - had no effective anaesthetics

Question 26

What were Physicians like in the Renaissance in terms of what they believed and their training?

Answer 26

Still accepted Hippocrates theory of the 4 humours
Training was concentrated on the writings of Greek doctors, especially Galen, and Arab doctors such as Ibn Sina
Also read the work of Vesalius, Pare and Harvey but most were reluctant to accept Galen was wrong
Advices clients to stay healthy through rest and exercise
Watched dissections take place but sometime still had to use animals

Question 27

Describe woman healers in the Renaissance.

Answer 27

Wealthy ladies often provided care for local families
Women continue to work as midwives, although the first handbooks for midwives were written by men who had little practical experience

Question 28

In the Renaissance, why were wealthy patients becoming less willing to go to women healers?

Answer 28

Preferred fashionable physicians instead
Wanted to be seen going to the most expensive doctors
Women were still not allowed to go to University so could not match the theoretical knowledge of men, no matter how good their practical skills

Question 29

What are quacks?

Answer 29

Healers with no training
www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/quack
an untrained person who pretends to be a physician

Question 30

Why were their many Quacks in the Renaissance?

Answer 30

Simply out to make as much money as possible by selling their charms, potions or bottles of medicine

Question 31

What were the Herbal remedies like in the Renaissance?

Answer 31

Home remedies were handed down through generations from mother to daughter
Girls learned how to mix up remedies, using ingredients such as honey which kills bacteria
More people were writing down home remedies because more people could now read and write

Question 32

What did Mary Dogget discover?

Answer 32

Noted a remedy for scurvy; A mixture of horseradish roots, white wine, water and a quart of orange juice or twelve thinly cut oranges.

Question 33

Why was new ingredients form abroad important in the Renaissance?

Answer 33

Rhubarb from Asia to purge bowels
Ipecacuanha from Brazil for dysentery and used to make people vomit
Bark of the cinchona tree from South America for fevers
Opium from Turkey for anaesthetics

Question 34

The Black Plague struck again in the Renaissance? Why was this?

Answer 34

Didn’t know what caused diseases

Towns were still over-crowded and full of dirt

Question 35

What minor things did the Government do to improve Public Health in the Renaissance?

Answer 35

Issue some orders such as saying bundles of straw had to be hung as a warning outside the homes of plague victims and that people who came from infected houses should carry a white stick in public
1665m- ordered days of public prayer and fasting to that people could publicly confess their sins
Little had been done to enforce regulations because of the cost to employ people

Question 36

What were some of the ideas behind what caused the plague in the Renaissance?

Answer 36

Many still believed that plague was sent by God as a punishment for their sins
Other blames malevolent movement of planets or poisonous air, just as in the fourteenth century
Other links dirt and disease after realising that highest number of deaths were in the poorest, dirtiest parishes where people where crammed in worst housing

Question 37

Dr George Thompson Carrie an autopsy on a plague victim then caught plague himself but survived. How?

Answer 37

Putting a dried toast on his chest

Question 38

How did people try prevent disease in the Renaissance?

Answer 38

Mayor of London ordered victims be shut up,in their homes and watchmen stood guard to stop anyone going in or out. When anyone died, the body was examined by women searchers to check that plague was the cause. Findings was confirmed by surgeons
Householders were ordered to sweep the sweep the street outside their doors
Pigs, dogs, cats and other animals were not to be kept inside the city.
Animals were not to be kept inside the city
Plays, bear-baitings and games where banned to prevent the assembly of large crowds