Paper 2 Flashcards
As towns grew fast between 1750 and 1850, what happened?
There were now laws enforcing local councils to provide sewers, fresh waster or toilets in homes
Water came from pipes in the streets
In 1801, Coalbrookadale in Shropshire was the home of iron industry. What were the conditions liked working in these industries?
Ten- or twelve hour working days were coming in hot and dirty conditions surrounded by dangerous machinery
What does the Extract from a letter in a Newspaper on August 1 in 1854 suggest about people’s views on publish health
People prefer to take heir chances with cholera than be bullied into health
Patriarch men who don’t want to be bossed around
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in terms of what they thought caused diseases?
Pasteurs germ theory was not published and accepted by scientists and doctors until the 1860s. Pasteurs discovery of the value of boiling milk (pasteurisation) did not become common until the 1800/ because many people believed that boiling kills the goodness
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in terms of what were the towns were like and the landlords?
Towns had grow very fast
Landlords made profits from renting out houses so wanted them built quickly
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in terms of transport?
Railways were not built to take people in and out of town centre in large number until the 1850s and later
Workers therefore had to live close to their places of work
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in in terms of people’s belief
There was a strong belief that people should help themselves to live better, healthier and more comfortable lives
People objected to local and national government interfering in their lives
The protest against compulsory small pix vaccinations is a good example
What did Edwin Chadwick do in 1842?
Completed the “ Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population “
His conclusion was that public health conditions are worse than they have ever been
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in in terms of what the government did?
Governments were still not expected to play a major part in improving the living and working conditions of the people
There were no pensions or help for the sick and unemployed from governments
The first income tax was collected in 1798 and stayed low in the 1800/
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in in terms of doctors?
Doctors were not paid by government so had to charge fees to their patients
Therefore the poor could not afford to go to a doctor
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in in terms of working conditions?
Working conditions were at least as bad as home conditions
Worked in mines, workshop and factories had long hours and only very short breaks
Their toilet and washing facilities were very poor, with many pool sharing one privy and only a pipe to wash at
Many people fell ill from the work itself, sealing coal and textile dust which caused lung diseases
Why wasn’t anything done to protect people’s health in the early 1800s in in terms of the food?
Food was difficult to get in many towns because it had to be brought in by horse and cart and was expensive
Food was often adulterated - mixed with other things (chalk in bread, sand in sugar, sawdust in flour) - by shopkeepers to increase its weight and so make more from sales
What things did Edwin Chadwick write about in his “ Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population
- The poor live in dirty overcrowded conditions
- This causes a huge amount of illness
- Many people are too sick to work and so become poorer still
- Therefore other people have to pay higher taxes to help the poor
What was Edwin Chadwick solution that he outlined in his “ Report on the Labouring Population “
We can cut taxes and save money in the long run
- Improving drainage and sewers
- Removing refuse from the streets and houses
- Providing clean water supplies
- Appointing medical officers in each area to check these reforms
When was the first public health?
1848
What helped encourage people to believe in Chadwick and force the government to make the 1848 public health act?
The outbreak of cholera in 1848
What opposition was their to Edwin Chadwick and his solutions?
Many local tax-payers did not want to pay for improvements even though it meant lower taxes in the long run
The government was not happy either; they knew that local councils did not want the national government interfering in local matters
What did the Public Health Act of 1848 mean for the local council and tax payers?
- National Board of health was Set up
- In towns where the death-rate was very high, the government could force the local council to make public health improvements to water supply and sewerage and appoint a medical officer of health
- Local councils were encouraged to collect taxes (called rates) for publish health improvements If they had the support of the local rate-payers
- Councils were allowed to appoint Medical Officers of health to oversee public health
What encouraged the Public Health Act of 1875?
Cholera outbreaks in 1853 and 1865
Chadwick wanting the government do do more because some towns made changes but not all
What did the public Health Act of 1875 say?
Local councils forced to provide clean water, public toilets and proper drains and sewers
Councils forced to appoint a Medical Officer of Health
What was the result of Edwin Chadwick work?
By 1900 people were living healthier, longer lives.
Life expectancy for men had rise to 56 for women to 50
Towns were cleaner and safer
Yet for all my efforts they didn’t give me a knighthood until I was 89
Why was the National Board of Health disbanded and in what year was it?
1854
Played no part in advising governments after this
What problem did Edwin Chadwick have that made him have lots of opposition?
Too many enemies
Did not know how to get other people on his side
Was argumentative, arrogant and rude as well as extremely hard working
Beloved disease was caused by miasmas, did not accept Pasteurs germ theory
