Medicine in the 1800s onwards

Question 1

What did Robert and Daniel Sutton do?

Answer 1

Became very wealthy by carrying out thousands of inoculations, charging up to £20 per patient.

Question 2

What were the dangers with inoculation?

Answer 2

Could get a strong dose of smallpox and die
Could pass smallpox onto someone else
Most people couldn’t afford inoculation

Question 3

When did Jenner publish his book, what was it called and what wa included in it?

Answer 3

1798 - An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variola Vaccinae , known by the name of CowPox
Showed that vaccination could save people from catching cowpox
Described 23 different cases

Question 4

Did Jenner idea of Vaccination get far?

Answer 4

He had opposition buy by 1803 vaccination was being used in the USA an in 1805 Napoleon had the whole of the French army vaccinated

Question 5

How did the Government help Jenner and his idea of Vaccination?

Answer 5

In 1802 and 1807, Parliament gave Jenner 30,000 to develop his work on Vaccination.

Question 6

When was Vaccination made compulsory in Britain and did this help?

Answer 6

1852

Helped to cause a huge drop in smallpox cases

Question 7

How did Individual Genius help Jenner in his idea with Vaccination?

Answer 7

Had the insight and intelligence to realise that the link between Cowpox and Smallpox was significant and was determined to prove this despite criticism.

Question 8

What was formed in 1866?

Answer 8

Anti-Vaccine League

Question 9

What else played apart in the drop in the number of smallpox deaths in the later 1800s?

Answer 9

Other factors played a part in keeping people healthier such as clean water supplies, cleaner housing and a better diet

Question 10

Name a reason why it was hard to believe Jenners idea of vaccination.

Answer 10

He didn’t know that germs caused diseases so did not know ewe toy how vaccination worked
Was not possible to learn from this discovery how to prevent spread of other diseases

Question 11

What was some of the main Criticism and opposition of Vaccinations?

Answer 11

Against Gods law to give people animal disease
Country doctor - some people had never heard of him
Government shouldn’t interfere in people’s lives
Enough to worry about - finding work and food
Clumsy and it doesn’t work
Royal society said the idea is to revolutionary
Cost inoculators their jobs and profits
Only cure is prayer and living a godly life

Question 12

What did Louis Pasteur discover in 1861?

Answer 12

Published his germ theory
Germs cause human and animal diseases
Carried out series of experiments to prove that bacteria (germs) make milk and bee go bad

Question 13

What did Robert Koch discover in 1870? What was the result of this?

Answer 13

Him and his research team developed the scientific methods that helped scientists to identify specific bacteria that cause individual diseases
Made the first discovery of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
Other scientists discovered bacteria that caused other diseases

Question 14

What did Pasteur discover in 1880?

Answer 14

Vaccines to prevent individual diseases
Firstly against animal diseases - chicken cholera, anthrax - and then against a human disease, rabies.
Other scientists then developed vaccines against other diseases

Question 15

What was inoculation?

Answer 15

Trying to prevent smallpox by spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a cut in the skin of a healthy person
If the person was lucky, they’d get a small dose of small pox and not catch it again because their body had developed antibodies to fight against it- however they didn’t know this

Question 16

What was the ocular explanation for what caused diseases?

Answer 16

Bad air/miasma
Towns were crowded and filthy than ever before
People could see rotting food and flesh and even faeces in the streets
They knew this dirt gave of terrible smells and assumed that these smells caused and spread disease

Question 17

What idea of what caused diseases were fading fast in the 1800s?

Answer 17

Supernatural explanations and the theory of the 4 humours which had dominated explanations of causes of disease for you sands of years

Question 18

Why was the Microscope a key development?

Answer 18

1600 - Anthony van Leeuwenhoek made a microscope that magnified things by 300 times.
He wrote descriptions of what he saw, including tiny living organisms that he found in food, water human waste. He called them ‘ animalcules ‘ but non connected these organisms to diseases

Question 19

In the 1800s a new theory about what caused diseases developed. It was called the spontaneous generation. Describe what it was.

Answer 19

Scientists used microscopes to look at bacteria on rotting food
They decide that the organisms were spontaneously generated by the process of decay in for example the meat and then the organisms spread disease

Question 20

Describe Louis Pasteur personality.

Answer 20

Loved to demonstrate his experiments in public, especially if he was proving he was right and someone else was wrong
Hugely determined man
1868 - was paralysed down the left side of his body but pushed through and made some of his best discoveries

Question 21

Pasteur helped the Alcohol industry in Lille. The Alchool was going sour. What did Pasteur discover from this?

Answer 21

Studied the liquid under his microscope and saw 2 differently shaped micro-organisms; one in the fresh liquid, one in the sour liquid
Concluded that it was the organism that was making the Alchool go sour

Question 22

As a result of his work in the Alcohol industry in Lille, what did the government ask him to do?

Answer 22

Help the wine and milk industries

Suggested gently heating (pasteurisation) would kill these organisms or bacteria p, making them safe to drink

Question 23

Who supported Louis Pasteur in his idea that germs in the air were causing the liquids to go sour? Who mocked him?

Answer 23

Mocked by scientists that believe in the theory of spontaneous generation.
Supported by the Emperor of France and the government, who believe that Pasteur success was making France respected abroad
They paid for his research assistants and a new laboratory to carry out his experiments with specially designed equipment.

Question 24

Why was improvements in technology helpful in the 1800s?

Answer 24

Made it possible to have much more precisely designed flasks

Question 25

What did Pasteur do in 1864?

Answer 25

Carried out a series of experiments that convinced scientists that his germ theory was correct and that the theory of spontaneous generation Was wrong - showed that bacteria caused decay

Question 26

What did Pasteur do in 1865?

Answer 26

Called in to help industries because a disease was killing the silkworms
Proved disease was being spread by germs in the air
Friday time it was proved that germs were causing disease in animals

Question 27

Describe Robert Koch personality and his rivalry with Pasteur.

Answer 27

Ambitious,
Brilliant at detailed, painstaking work in his lab and at working with a team of assistants
Wanted to be more successful than Pasteur because of the war between Germany and France in 1870-71

Question 28

What else did Koch do other than his first initial discovery?

Answer 28

Developed a method of proving which particular bacterium was causing a disease
Improved methods of studying bacteria; developed ways of staining bacteria so they could be photographed using a new high quality photographic lens and studied in detail
Discovered how to grow bacteria on potatoes which were easier to study than in a liquid

Question 29

What dis Pasteur do after Koch made his first discovery?

Answer 29

Determined to match Kotch discoveries so built up a research team to make faster progress
Figured out how vaccinations work after studying Jenner in detail
Injecting the chicken with the germ, the germs protected the chicken forms a strong dose of cholera

Question 30

What did Robert Koch do after Louis Pasteur made his discovery about how vaccinations work?

Answer 30

Was angry about Pasteur development of anthrax vaccination. He thought Pasteur had stole some of his research on anthrax
Decided to get ahead by becoming the first man to discover specific germ that causes a human disease
Investigated tuberculosis and found a way to stain the bacterium that caused it which made it stand out from other bacteria

Question 31

Which person and his research team managed to find the bacterium that caused Cholera and in what year?

Answer 31

Robert Kock

1883

Question 32

In what year was the bacteria that caused the Plague found?

Answer 32

1894

Question 33

After making it work on animals, How did Louis Pasteur find the vaccination for rabies on humans?

Answer 33

1885 - Injected Joseph Mister(13 times), a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog over a 2 week period
He survived
Now other scientists set to follow Pasteur and find vaccines that could prevent other human diseases

Question 34

When was the vaccination for Tuberculosis discovered?

Answer 34

1906