Religions, Utopia, Reformers

Question 1

Second Great Awakening

Answer 1

reaction to rise of rationalism and science as result of Revolution (emotional)

Question 2

Mormons

Answer 2

• founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 based on the Book of Mormon
• Brigham Young united Mormons to migrate to banks of Great Salt Lake in Utah to escape persecution where they established New Zion
• practice of polygamy (allowing a man to have more than one wife) aroused hostility from US Gov.

Question 3

Transcendentalism

Answer 3

• leading voices in Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
• questioned doctrines of established churches and business practices of merchant class
• argued for mystical and intuitive ways of thinking as means for discovering self and looking for essence of God in nature
• challenged materialism by asserting that artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth
• valued individualism and didn’t see organized institutions as important but still supported reforms like antislavery

Question 4

Brook Farm

Answer 4

• launched in 1841
  -experiment to see if community could live out transcendentalist ideals
• goal: “a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor.”
• ended in 1849 after fire and heavy debts forced it to close

Question 5

Oneida Community

Answer 5

• est. in 1848 in Oneida NY by John Humphrey Noyes
• cooperative community dedicated to perfect social and economic equality
• shared property and, later, marriage partners
• planned reproduction and child rearing systems criticized
• critics saw it as sinful expression of “free love”
• prospered by selling silverware of very high quality

Question 6

Hudson River School

Answer 6

• produced 1830s art depicting landscapes, common settings and tasks of Americans, etc.
• expressed age’s fascination with the natural world and lack of comflict

Question 7

Early 1800s Architecture

Answer 7

• Greek/Athenian Inspired
• columned facades
• reflected Democratic values, nationalism, and belief in Republic following War of 1812

Question 8

Reform

Answer 8

• evolved during Antebellum era
• began as a hope to improve behavior through moral persuasion through sermons and pamphlets
• later moved to political action and ideas to replace old institutions with new ones (more radical?)

Question 9

Shakers

Answer 9

• passion of worship and simplicity of life
• nickname came from fervent dancing at Sunday services in which they shook and fell into a “trance”
• known for beautiful, simple furniture
• practiced celibacy, causing community to die away

Question 10

Fruitlands

Answer 10

• est. in 1843 by Alcott Family in Harvard, MA
• based in transcendentalist principles and abstinence from worldly activity
• communal property, few material goods, no animal labor, no animal substances
• lasted 7 months before food shortages and unrest during first winter

Question 11

Hopedale Community

Answer 11

• experimental community est. in Milford MA in 1842
• more integrated into society (blend of modern/traditional)
• less exploitation/equal partners— gave women extraordinary rights for time period, she and men equal members of society
• beliefs rooted in Christianity but less focused (less focused on simplicity more focused on love/sharing)

Question 12

Communist Manifesto

Answer 12

• written by German philosopher Karl Marx
• Utopia beliefs of shared property, goods, equality of all members of society
• economic equality

Question 13

Hog Farm

Answer 13

• America’s longest running Hippie commune
• founded by peace activist Hugh Romney in 1960s California in North Hollywood
• shared/free love, focused on peace and relationships with other people

Question 14

Perfectionism

Answer 14

• simplify life and improve individual
• amplify inner peace and strength by shutting things out