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RELIGIONS IN INDIA Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four vedas and their basic content?

A
  1. Rig Veda– consists of about 1000 hymns about various Gods.
  2. Sama Veda– music and hymns.
  3. Yajur Veda– sacrificial hymns.
  4. Atharva Veda– magic and medicine.
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2
Q

What are the four sects under Hinduism?

A
  1. Vaishnavism also called krishnaism.
  2. Shaivism
  3. Shaktism
  4. Smartism
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3
Q

Enumerate prominent sects or sampradayas under Vaishnavism?

A
  1. Varkari Panth or Varkari Sampradaya
  2. Ramanandi Sampradaya
  3. Brahma Sampradaya
  4. Pushti Marg Sampradaya
  5. Nimbarka Sampradaya
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4
Q

Enumerate prominent sects or sampradayas under Shaivism?

A
  1. Siddhas
  2. Nathpanthi
  3. Lingayatism
  4. Dashanami Sanyasis
  5. Aghoris
  6. Siddhars or Siddhas.
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5
Q

Brief about Varkari Sampradaya or Varkari Panth?

A
  1. Followers are devotees of Lord Vishnu in form of Vithoba.
  2. Worship in Vithoba temple at Pandharpur in Maharashtra.
  3. Sect avoids alcohol and tobacco.
  4. Annual pilgrimage is Vari.
  5. In Vari, the Varkaris carry padukas of the saints in palkhis from samadhi to Pandharpur.
  6. Events Ringan and Dhava are held during pilgrimage.
  7. Prominent figures:– Jnaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram.
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6
Q

What is Ringan regarding Varkari Sampradaya?

A

Under Ringan, a sacred horse runs through the rows of pilgrims, who try catching the dust particles kicked off and smear their head with the same.

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7
Q

Brief about Ramanandi Sampradaya?

A
  1. They adhere to the teachings of the Advaita scholar Ramandana.
  2. This is the largest monastic group within Hinduism in Asia, and these Vaishnava monks are known as Ramanandis, Vairagis or Bairagis.
  3. They worship Rama.
  4. Follow strict ascetic practices, but also believe that the grace of god is required to achieve liberation.
  5. Its two sub groups are called Tyagi and Naga.
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8
Q

Brief about Brahma Sampradaya?

A
  1. Associated with Lord Vishnu, the Para Brahma or Universal Creator (not to be confused with Brahma deity).
  2. The founder was Madhvacharya.
  3. Gaudiya Vaishnavism promoted by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is associated with Brahma Sampradaya.
  4. The ISKCON belongs to this Sampradaya.
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9
Q

Brief about Pushti marg Sampradaya?

A
  1. Vasihnava sect founded by Vallabhacharya.
  2. Their philosophy is that the ultimate truth is one and only one Brahm.
  3. The devotion is based on pure love for Lord Krishna.
  4. All followers are expected to do Seva to their personal icon of Krishna.
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10
Q

Brief about Nimbarka Sampradaya?

A

Also known as the Hamsa Sampradaya and Kumara Sampradaya, the followers worship Radha and Krishna deities.

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11
Q

Nathpanthi adhere to the teachings of?

A

Also known as Siddha Siddhanat, they adhere to the teachings of Gorakhnath and Matsyendranath and worship Adinath, a form of Shiva. They use the technique of Hath Yoga to transform one’s body into a state of awakened self’s identity with absolute reality.

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12
Q

Lingayatism also known as Veershaivism on Vedas and caste system?

A

They believe in monotheism and rejected the authority of Vedas and caste system.

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13
Q

Dashanami Sanyasi are disciples of?

A

They are asoscaited with the Advaita Vedanta tradition and are the disciples of Adi Shankaracharya. They are also called “Dash Nam Sanyasi” as they are further divided into ten groups.

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14
Q

What is Varmam Kalai?

A

Is a martial art for self defense and a medical treatment at the same time. Believed to be founded by the Siddhars or Siddhas.

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15
Q

Enumerate the Shramana schools and they belong to which school of philosophy?

A

The word Shramana means one who performs acts of austerity and ascetic.
1. Jainism
2. Buddhism
3. Ajivikas
4. Ajnanas
5. Charvakas
All above five belong to Nastika or Heterodox school of philosophy.

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16
Q

Ajivika school was founded by?

A

Makkhali Gosala in 5th century BC.

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17
Q

Doctrines of Ajivikas?

A
  • The school revolves around the Niyati (Fate) doctrine of absolute determinism.
  • It believes that there is no free will and whatever has happened, is happening or will happen is entirely pre-ordained or pre-decided and is based on cosmic principles. Hence there was no use of Karma.
  • It is based on the theory of atoms and believes that everything is composed of atoms and the various qualities emerge from the aggregates of atoms which is pre-determined.
  • Ajivikas led a simple ascetic life, without clothes and any material possession.
  • They opposed Buddhism and Jainism and were atheists.
  • They don’t believe in Karma doctrine unlike Jainism and Buddhism.
  • They consider Karma a fallacy.
  • They also rejected the authority of Vedas like Buddhism and Jainism
    However, they believed in the existence of soul (atman) in every living being like ainism. But they believed existence of soul in material form whereas jainism propounds formless soul.
  • Bindusara (4’ Century BC) was one of its followers.
  • Savathi (Sravasti) in Uttar Pradesh is believed to be the centre of Ajivikas.
  • The text of Ajivikas is non existing at present.
  • Ashoka’s 7th pillar edicts mention about Ajivikas.
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18
Q

Which Mauryan Emperor was follower of Ajivikas?

A

Bindusara.

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19
Q

Which pillar edict of Ashoka mentions about Ajivikas?

A

7th pillar edict.

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20
Q

Doctrine of Ajnanas?

A
  • The ajnana sect believed in radical skepticism.
  • The school believed that it is impossible to attain knowleage about nature. Even if it is possible, it is useless for attaining salvation.
  • This school was a major rival of Jainism and Buddhism.
  • They specialized in refutation and were considered ignorant.
  • They believed that Ignorance is Best.
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21
Q

Top 5 most followed religions in the world?

A
  • Christianity (31.1%)
  • Islam (24.9%)
  • Irreligion (15.6%)
  • Hinduism (15.2%)
  • Buddhism (6.6%)
  • Folk religions (5.6%).
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22
Q

What was the name of Buddha’s horse and chrioteer?

A

Horse Kanthaka and charioteer Channa.

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23
Q

What was the Dharma-chakra-pravartana?

A

After attaining Nirvana in Bodh Gaya, Buddha gave his first sermon to his five companions at the Deer Park in Sarnath near Varanasi. This event was called Dharma-chakra-pravartana (Turning the wheel of Law).

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24
Q

What are the three Jewels or triratnas embraced under Buddhism?

A
  1. Buddha– The enlightened one.
  2. Dhamma– Teachings of Buddha (doctrine).
  3. Sangha– The monastic order.
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25
Q

Out of the three jewels or triratnas, the concept of ________ was initiated by Buddha at the time of giving first sermon.

A

Sangha (the order).

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26
Q

Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana at?

A

Kushinagar (Malla Mahajanapada) in Uttar Pradesh at the age of 80 in 483 BC.

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27
Q

Buddha is known in various Buddhist texts as Tathagatha and _______.

A

Sakyamuni.

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28
Q

The predecessor of Buddha under Buddhism was ________ and his successor will be _________.

A

Kassapa Buddha and his successor will be Maitreya.

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29
Q

After passing of Buddha, The original Sangha is believed to have split into the two early schools in between 383 BC and 250 BC that are?

A
  1. Sthavira Nikaya
  2. Mahasamghika.
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30
Q

Subsects under Sthavira nikaya?

A
  • Mahisasaka
  • Sarvastivada
  • Sankrantika
  • Sautrantika
  • Dharmagupta
  • Vatsiputriya
  • Dharmottariya
  • Bhadrayaniya
  • Sannagarika
  • Sammitiya.
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31
Q

Subsects under Mahasamghika?

A
  • Gokulika
  • Prajnaptivada
  • Bahusrutiya
  • Ekavyaharikas
  • Caitika.
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32
Q

Sects not identified under Sthavira nikaya and Mahasamghika are?

A
  • Hemavatika
  • Rajagiriya
  • Siddhatthaka
  • Aparaseliya
  • Apararajagirika.
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33
Q

Four major Noble truths of Buddhism?

A
  1. Dukkha– The truth of suffering.
  2. Samudāya– The truth of the origin of suffering.
  3. Nirodha– The truth of the cessation of suffering.
  4. Magga– The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering.
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34
Q

Bodhicitta, generation stage and completion stage are the practices in which Buddhism?

A
  • Mahayana practice of Bodhicitta.
  • Vajrayana practices of generation stage and completion stage.
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35
Q

What is the ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism?

A

The ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.

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36
Q

Features of Hinayana Buddhism?

A
  • It means the lesser vehicle..
  • The school includes the followers of the original preaching of the Buddha.
  • It is more of an orthodox school.
  • They did not believe in idol or image worship of Buddha.
  • They believe in individual salvation and try to attain individual salvation through self discipline and meditation.
  • Ultimate aim of Hinayana is thus nirvana.
  • One of the sub-sects of Hinayana is Sthaviravada or Theravada.
  • The Hinayana scholars used Pali language to interact with the masses.
  • Emperor Ashoka patronised Hinayana sect as Mahayana school came into being much later.
  • Hinayana school in its original form is almost non-existent in the present age.
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37
Q

Features of Mahayana Buddhism?

A
  • It means the greater vehicle.
  • The school is more liberal and believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and Bodhisattvas embodying Buddha Nature. The ultimate goal under Mahayana is “spiritual upliftment”.
  • The Mahayana followers believe in idol or image worship of Buddha.
  • The concept of Bodhisattva is the result of Mahayana Buddhism.
  • Mahayana is also called “Bodhisattvayana”, or the “Bodhisattva Vehicle.
  • That is to say, the followers believe in Bodhisattva concept of salvation of all conscious individual.
  • In other words, they believe in universal liberation from suffering of all beings.
  • A bodhisattva seeks complete enlightenment for the benefit of all beings. A bodhisattva who has accomplished this goal is called a Samyaksambuddha.
  • Prominent Mahayana texts include Lotus Sutra, Mahavamsa, etc.
  • As per Lotus Sutra, Mahayana school believes in six perfections (or paramitas) to be followed by an individual.
  • As per scholars, one of the sub-sects of Mahayana being developed in the later periods was Vajrayana.
  • The Mahayana scholars predominantly used Sanskrit as a language.
  • Emperor Kanishka of Kushana dynasty is said to be the founder of Mahayana sect of Buddhism in 1st century AD.
  • Presently, the majority of the Buddhist followers in the world belong to Mahayana sect. (around. 53.2% as per 2010 report).
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38
Q

A bodhisattva seeks complete enlightenment for the benefit of all beings. A bodhisattva who has accomplished this goal is called a?

A

Samyaksambuddha.

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39
Q

What are Paramitas?

A

As per Lotus Sutra, Mahayana school believes in six perfections (or paramitas) to be followed by an individual:
- Dana (generosity)
- Sila (virtue, morality, discipline and proper conduct)
- Ksanti (patience, tolerance, acceptance)
- Virya (energy, diligence, vigor, effort)
- Dhyana (one-pointed concentration)
- Prajna (wisdom and insight).

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40
Q

Bodhisattva is the one who has generated Bodhicitta to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. It believes in universal liberation and is a concept under Mahayana Buddhism. Bodhicitta means?

A

A spontaneous wish and a compassionate mind.

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41
Q
  1. Under Theravada Buddhism, a person whose aim is to become fully enlightened is still subject to birth, illness, death, sorrow, defilement, and delusion.
  2. On the path to become a Buddha, a bodhisattva proceeds through ten grounds or bhumis namely Great Joy, Stainless, luminous, radiant, very difficult to train, obviously transcendent, gone afar, immovable, Good discriminating wisdom, and Cloud of Dharma. By passing these 10 bhumis, he becomes an enlightened one.
    True/false?
A
  1. True
  2. True.
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42
Q

Enumerate prominent Boddhisattvas under Buddhism?

A
  1. Avalokitesvara
  2. Vajrapani
  3. Manjusri
  4. Samantabhadra
  5. Ksitigarbha
  6. Maitreya
  7. Akasagarbha
  8. Tara
  9. Vasudhara
  10. Skanda
  11. Sitatapatra
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43
Q

Who are the three protecting deities around Buddha?

A

Manjushri, Avalokiteshvara, and Vajrapani.

44
Q

What does the three deities protecting Buddha manifest?

A
  • Avalokitesvara manifests Buddha’s compassion.
  • Vajrapani manifests Buddha’s power.
  • Manjusri contemplates Buddha’s Wisdom.
45
Q

Identify the Bodhisattva?
- One of the three protective deities around Buddha.
- He is described as holding Lotus flower and is also known as Padmapani.
- The painting can be found at Ajanta Caves.
- He is the most acknowledged among all the Bodhisattvas.
- The bodhisattva of compassion, the listener of the world’s cries who uses skilful means to come to their aid.
- He appears unofficially in Theravada Buddhism in Cambodia under the name Lokesvara.
- He is depicted as a female also and is said to incarnate in his holiness the Dalai Lama.

A

Avalokitesvara.

46
Q

Who is the most acknowledged among all the Bodhisattvas?

A

Avalokitesvara.

47
Q

Identify the Bodhisattva?
- One of three protective deities around Buddha and is also depicted in Ajanta Caves.
- He is contemplated to manifest all the powers of Buddha as well as the power of all five tathagatas namely Vairocana, Akshobhya, Amitabha, Ratnasambhava and Amoghasiddhi.

A

Vajrapani.

48
Q

Identify the Bodhisattva?
- One of three protective deities around Buddha is also depicted in Ajanta Caves.
- He is associated with the Wisdom of Buddha and is a male Bodhisattva with a wielding sword in his hand.

A

Manjusri.

49
Q

Vajrapani has all the powers of the Buddha as well as the power of all five tathagathas namely?

A
  • Vairocana
  • Akshobhya
  • Amitabha
  • Ratnasambhava
  • Amoghasiddhi
50
Q

Shakyamuni trinity is formed by?

A

The Buddha sits in the center with Bodhisattva Manjusri and Bodhisattva Samantabhadra at his side.
Samantabhadra is associated with practice and meditation.

51
Q

Identify Bodhisattva?
He is depicted as a Buddhist monk and took vow not to achieve Buddhahood till the hell is completely emptied.

A

Ksittigarbha.

52
Q

Identify Bodhisattva?
A future Buddha who will appear on Earth in the future, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma. Laughing Buddha is said to be an incarnation of him.

A

Maitreya.

53
Q

Which Bodhisattva is associated with element of space?

A

Akasagarbha.

54
Q

Identify Bodhisattva?
This Bodhisattva is associated only with Vajrayana Buddhism and represents the virtues of success in work and achievements.

A

Tara.

55
Q

Which Bodhisattva is associated with wealth, prosperity, and abundance and is popular in Nepal?

A

Vasudhara.

56
Q

Which Bodhisattva is the guardian of viharas and the Buddhist teachings?

A

Skanda.

57
Q

Identify Bodhisattva?
She is contemplated as a protector against supernatural danger and is worshipped in both Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions.

A

Sitatapatra.

58
Q

What does Kleshas include?

A

Kleshas include state of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc.

59
Q

According to Thervada tradition what forms an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path?

A
  1. Samatha– calming the mind
  2. Vipassana– insight into three marks of existence: impermanence, realisation of non-self, suffering.
60
Q

Which Buddhism believes in the concept of Vibhajjavada?

A

Theravada believes in the concept of Vibhajjavada i.e. teaching of analysis.

61
Q

Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) is the great treatise on which Buddhism and it is written by?

A

Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) is the great treatise on Theravada Buddhist school, written by Buddhaghosa in the 5th Century AD in Sri Lanka.

62
Q

What is satta visuddhi?

A

Satta visuddhi are the seven stages of Purification to be followed under the Theravada Buddhism to attain salvation.

63
Q

Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism?

A

Pali.

64
Q

Features of Theravada Buddhism?

A
  • It refers to the school of elder monks.
  • The school uses the Buddha’s teaching preserved in the Pali Canon (only existing complete Buddhist canon) as its doctrinal core.
  • In Theravada, the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.
  • Kleshas include states of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc
  • According to the Theravada tradition, Samatha and Vipassana form an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path as described by the Buddha. Samatha deals with calming the mind and Vipassana means insight into the three marks of existence: impermanence, suffering, and the realisation of non-self.
  • Theravada believes in the concept of vibhajjavada i.e., “teaching of analysis’.
  • Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) is the great treatise on Theravada Buddhist school, written by Buddhaghosa in the 5th Century AD in Sri Lanka.
  • It discusses seven stages of purification (satta-visuddhi) to be followed under Theravada Buddhism to attain salvation.
  • Pali is sacred language of Theravada Buddhism.
  • Theravada is contemplated to be a successor of Hinayana school.
  • Around 35.8% Buddhists in the world belong to Theravada school.
65
Q

Main deity in Vajrayana Buddhism?

A

Tara (a lady).

66
Q

Vajrayana is based on _______ Buddhist philosophy.

A

Mahayana.

67
Q

Features of Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhism)?

A
  • Scholars contemplate that Vajrayana school developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Shaivism, i.e, they say, it was influenced by Hinduism.
  • The main deity is Tara (a lady).
  • It involved combining Brahmanical (Veda based) rituals with Buddhist philosophies.
  • Vajrayana is based on Mahayana Buddhist philosophy.
  • This school believes in Tantra’s, Mantras and Yantras superiority due to being a faster vehicle to liberation containing many skillful methods of tantric ritual.
  • According to this school, the mantra is an easy path to achieve Buddhahood without the difficulties as compared to striving for six perfections or Paramitas under Mahayana.
  • 5.7 % of the world Buddhist population follows it.
68
Q

Places visited by Buddha?

A

The kingdoms he visited are Kosala and Magadha Kingdom.
The places visited under these two kingdoms include Kapilavastu,
Rajgriha, Vaishali Gaya, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kosambi, Shravasti (capital of Kosala Kingdom), Kushinagar, Nalanda, Mathura, Varanasi, Saket, Champapuri, etc.

69
Q

Prominent disciples of Buddha in ancient period?

A
  1. Sariputta chief disciple
  2. Mahamoggallana- chief disciple
  3. Ananda -listened to Buddha teachings the most among others.
  4. Mahakasyapa
  5. Purna Maitrayani-putra
  6. Anuruddha
  7. Rahul
  8. Katyayana
  9. Upali
  10. Ananthapindaka
  11. Subhuti
  12. Jivaka
70
Q

Nagasena and Buddhism?

A

He answered to questions about Buddhism posed by Menander 1 (or Milinda), and the conversation is recorded in the book Milinda Panho around 150 BC.

71
Q

Nagarjuna and Buddhism?

A

He lived around 150 AD-250 AD and founder of the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism.

72
Q

Vasubandhu and Buddhism?

A

A proponent of Mahayana Buddhism in 4th-5th century AD from Gandhara and wrote from the perspectives of the Sarvastivada and Sautrantika schools.

73
Q

Bodhidharma and Buddhism?

A

Lived around 5th or 6th century AD and transmitted Buddhism to China.

74
Q

Buddhaghosa and Buddhism?

A

A 5th century Indian Theravada Buddhist commentator and scholars famous for his work Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification).

75
Q

Padmasambhava and Buddhism?

A

A 8th century monk and is contemplated as ‘second Buddha’ across Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Himalayan States of Indian.

76
Q

Atisa and Buddhism?

A

A Buddhist Bengali religious leader and master. He spread Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism in Asia. He inspired Buddhist thought from Tibet to Sumatra.

77
Q

Dalai Lama and Buddhism?

A

They are modern spiritual leaders of the Yellow Hat school of Tibetan Buddhism.

78
Q

Buddhism propounded by Dr Ambedkar and how it is different from other forms of Buddhism?

A
  • Navayana School is considered to be a new branch of Buddhism propounded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
  • It is different from the traditionally recognized branches of Theravada, Mahayana and Vairayana and rejects them.
  • It discards the practices and precepts such as renouncing monk and monastism, karma, rebirth in afterlife, samsara, meditation, enlightenment and Four Noble Truths considered to be the foundation in the Buddhist traditions.
  • It radically re-interprets Buddhism by revising the original teachings of Buddha to be about class struggle and social equality.
79
Q

Major Jain pilgrimages in India include— Place
1. Dilwara Temple–
2. Palitana Temple–
3. Girnar–
4. Shikharji–
5. Shravanabelagola–

A
  1. Dilwara Temple– Mount Abu, Rajasthan
  2. Palitana Temple– Gujarat
  3. Girnar– Gujarat
  4. Shikharji– Jharkhand
  5. Shravanabelagola– Karnataka.
80
Q

24 Tirthankaras under Jainism are?

A

Rishabhanatha or Adinatha, Ajitanath, Sambhava, Abhinandana, Sumati, Padmaprabha, Suparshva, Chandraprabha, Suvidhi, Shital, Shreyansa, Vasupujya, Vimala, Ananta, Dharma, Shanti, Kunthu, Ara, Malli, Muni Suvrata, Nami, Aristanemi, Parshvanatha and Mahavira.

81
Q

In around 540 BC, Prince Vardhamana was born at Kundalgram in Vaishali to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala, who ruled over the _______ clan.

A

Jnatrika clan.

82
Q

Titles given to Vardhamana Mahavira?

A
  • He reached the town of Pava near Patna where he found the truth of life, i.e., Kevalaya. He was given the title of ‘Mahavira’ or the great hero.
  • Some of the other titles given to him are jaina or jitendriya i.e., one who conquers all his senses.
  • Nirgrantha or the one who is free from all bonds.
83
Q

What is Anekantavada?

A

Anekantavada is the fundamental doctrine of Jainism that emphasises that the ultimate truth and reality is complex, and has multiple aspects. Hence, there exists non absolutism, that means no single, specific statement can describe the nature of existence and the absolute truth.

84
Q

What are the three jewel (fold) path of Jainism?

A
  1. Right knowledge (samyakjnana)
  2. Right faith or belief (samyakdarshana)
  3. Right conduct (samyakcharita)
    With these one can get rid of karma and also pull themselves out of the cycle of rebirth and achieve salvation.
85
Q

What are the five constraints in life according to Jains?

A
  1. Ahimsa (non-violence)
  2. Satya (truthfulness)
  3. Asteya (not stealing)
  4. Aparigraha (non acquisition)
  5. Brahmacharya (chaste living)
    First four tenets was propounded by Parshvanatha only the fifth one is propounded by Mahavira.
86
Q

Eight auspicious symbols under Jainism?

A
  1. Swastika– It signifies peace and well being of the humans
  2. Nandyavartya– It is a large swastika with nine end points.
  3. Bhadrasana– A throne which is said to be sanctified by the jaina’s feet.
  4. Shrivasta– A mark which manifested on the Jain’s chest and signified his pure soul.
  5. Darpana– The mirror which reflects the inner self.
  6. Minayugala– A couple of fish which signifies the conquest over sexual urges.
  7. Vardhamanaka– A shallow dish used as lamp which shows the increase in the wealth, due and merit.
  8. Kalasha– A pot filled with pure water signifying water.
87
Q

Subsects under Digambaras?

A
  1. Mula Singh (original community)
  2. Terapanthi, Taranpanthi, Bisapanthi (these three are modern communities).
88
Q

Subsects under Svetambaras?

A
  1. Sthanakavasi
  2. Murtipujaka (Deravasi)
  3. Terapanthi
89
Q

Tenets of Digambara School?

A
  1. Monks of the Digambara tradition do not wear clothes as this sect believes in complete nudity.
  2. Female monks wear unstiched plain white sarees and are called Aryikas.
  3. Digambaras follow all the five constraints (Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya) as per the teachings of Mahavira, unlike Svetambaras.
  4. Bhadrabahu was an exponent of Digambara sect and he moved to Karnataka along with his disciples after predicting a long famine.
  5. The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of Kundakunda.
  6. Digambara Jains believe that women can’t be tirthankaras and that Malli was a man.
  7. Monasticism rules are more rigid under Digambara School.
  8. Indicates 6 eternal substances in existence.
90
Q

Who were Aryikas?

A

Female monks of Digambara sect wear unstiched plain white sarees and are called Aryikas.

91
Q

Suttapahuda was written by?

A

The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of Kundakunda.

92
Q

Tenets of Svetambara School?

A
  1. Svetambaras follow the preachings of Prasvanatha, i.e. they believe in only four restraints (except Brahmacharya) to be followed to attain Kevalya.
  2. Svetambara believe that the 23rd and 24th tirthankara did marry, unlike thought by Digambara.
  3. Sthulabhadra was a great exponent of this school and stayed in Magadha unlike Bhadrabahu who went to Karnataka.
  4. The monks of Svetambara School can have simple white clothing, a begging bowl, a brush to remove insects from their path, books and writing materials with them.
  5. They believe tirthankaras can be men or women, and say that Malli began her life as a princess.
  6. Svetambara tradition of Jainism indicates five eternal substances in existence: Soul (jiva), Matter (pudgala), Space (akasha), motion (Dharma) and rest (Adharma), unlike Digambaras which add the sixth eternal substance as time (Kala).
93
Q

Five eternal substances as per Svetambra and sixth eternal substance as per Digambaras?

A
  1. Soul (jiva)
  2. Matter (pudgala)
  3. Space (akasha)
  4. Motion (Dharma)
  5. Rest (Adharma)
    Sixth is Time (kala) as per Digambaras.
94
Q

Who went to Karnataka and who stayed in North India in Jainism which led to formation of two sects?

A
  • Bhadrabahu (along with Chandragupta Maurya) went to Karnataka (Digambara sect).
  • Sthulabhadra an exponent of Svetambara stayed in Magadha.
95
Q

Svetambaras follow the preachings of which Tirthankaras?

A

Prasvanatha.

96
Q

Difference between Terapanthi and Bispanthi Digambaras?

A
  1. Digambara Terapanthis worship the idols with ashta dravya just like Bispanthis, but replace flowers and fruits with dry substitutes.
  2. The Bispanthis worship tirthankaras as well as Yaksha and Yakshini like Bhairava and Kshetrapala. Their religious practices include arti and offerings of flowers, fruits and prasad. Bhattarakas are their dharma-gurus, and they are concentrated in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
    - On the other hand, Digambara Tera Panthi sect opposes Bhattarakas and worship only tirthankaras.
97
Q

Bhattarakas are dharma gurus of which sub sect of Digambaras?

A

Bispanthis.

98
Q

Difference between Sthanakavasi, Murtipujaka (Deravasi) and Terapanthi?

A
  • Sthanakavasi and Terapanthi believe in praying to Saints rather than to an idol in a temple. The saints wear a muhapatti near their mouth to cover it unlike Murtipujakas.
  • Murtipujaka (Deravasi) keep idols of the tirthankaras at their temples and worship them and the saints do not wear a muhapatti.
99
Q

What is sallekhana?

A

It is a religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids. It is not considered as a suicide by Jain scholars because it is not an act of passion, nor does it
deploy poisons or weapons. It can be performed by both for Jain ascetics and householders.

100
Q

What is Pratikraman and what are its types.

A
  • It is a process during which Jains repent for their sins during their daily life, and remind themselves not to repeat them.
  • The five types of Pratikaman include Devasi, Rai, Pakhi, Chaumasi and Samvatsari.
101
Q

The sayings of day to day teachings of Prophet Muhammad were compiled by his followers after his death and is called?

A

Hadith.

102
Q

Which Sikh guru constructed the Akal Takth and Lohagarh fort as symbols of his temporal authority, to conduct daily businesses and defence?

A

Guru Hargobind G.

103
Q

Sacred text of Zoroastrians is called?

A

Zend Avesta and it consists of 17 sacred songs (gathas) and the Athuna Vairyo (sacred chant).

104
Q

Zoroastrians worship only fire. True/false?

A

False, they also consider air, water and earth as sacred elements.

105
Q

What are Dakhmas?

A
  • Zoroastrians (Parsis) believe that dead matter is a corrupting element to everything and hence, they place the dead bodies in the open to be eaten by the vultures. These open spaces are called ‘Dakhma’ and the vultures that eat them are called ‘Dakhma Nashini’.
  • The open space known in India where they are left are the ‘Towers of Silence’ in Mumbai.
106
Q

What are the major sects amongst Parsis?

A
  1. Shahenshai
  2. Kadmi
  3. Fasli.
107
Q

According to Judaism God sent Moses to the Earth and gave him the Ten Commandments which are also known as the?

A

Sefer Torah.

INDIAN ART AND CULTURE (24 decks)

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