INDIAN ARCHITECTURE ,SCULPTURE AND POETRY

Question 1

Difference between Architecture and Sculpture?

Answer 1

1. Size and scope– Architecture refers to the design and construction of buildings whereas Sculptures are relatively smaller 3-dimensional works of art.
2. Material used– Architecture generally uses a mixture of various type of materials like stone, wood, glass, metal, sand etc whereas A single piece of sculpture is usually made of a single type of material.
3. Principle– Architecture involves study of engineering and engineering mathematics. It requires detailed and accurate measurements. Whereas a Sculpture involves creativity and imagination and may not depend as heavily on accurate measurements.
4. Example– Taj Mahal, Red fort etc is Architecture whereas Nataraj’s Image, Dancing girl, etc is Sculpture.

Question 2

Classification of Indian Architecture?

Answer 2

1. Ancient India
   - Harappan Art
   - Mauryan Art
   - Post Mauryan Art
   - Gupta Age
   - South Indian Art
2. Medieval India
   - Delhi Sultanate
   - Mughal Art
3. Modern India
   - Indo Gothic Style
   - Neo Gothich Style.

Question 3

Archaeological finds from Rakhigarhi?

Answer 3

1. Hakra Ware (a pottery typical found in early settlements of Indus Valley civilisation).
2. Granary, cemetery, drains, terracotta bricks.

Question 4

Which site is considered to be the largest of the Indus Valley civilization?

Answer 4

Rakhigarhi.

Question 5

Archeological findings from Ropar?

Answer 5

1. Dog buried with human oval pit burials.
2. Copper axe.

Question 6

Balathal (Indus Valley Site)?

Answer 6

Rajasthan.

Question 7

First actual remains of the horse bones have been found from which Indus Valley civilization site?

Answer 7

Surkotada.

Question 8

Indus Valley site- Only city with radial streets?

Answer 8

Banawali.

Question 9

Banawali location?

Answer 9

Haryana- on the dried up Saraswati river.

Question 10

Which site is considered as a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization?

Answer 10

Mehrgarh.

Question 11

Alamgirpur Indus Valley site location and findings?

Answer 11

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Yamuna.
1. Broken blades made of copper, ceramic items and impression of a cloth on a trough.

Question 12

Eastern most site of indus valley civilization?

Answer 12

Alamgirpur.

Question 13

1. Indus valley civilization sites do not have large monumental structures such as temples or palaces for rulers unlike Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization.
2. The granaries were intelligently designed with strategic air ducts and raised platforms which helped in the storage of the grains and protecting them from pests.
   True/false?

Answer 13

1. True
2. True.

Question 14

What was the shape of the seals of Harappan Civilisation?

Answer 14

Most were square, triangular, rectangular and circular seals were also used.

Question 15

Most seals of Harappan Civilisation have inscriptions in a _______ script.

Answer 15

Pictographic Script.

Question 16

There is no evidence of which animal from Harappan seals?

Answer 16

No evidence of cow has been found on any seal.

Question 17

1. Harappan seals had an animal or human figure on one side and an inscription on the opposite side or inscriptions on both the sides.
2. Some seals had inscriptions on a third side as well.
   True/false?

Answer 17

1. True
2. True.

Question 18

Harappan Civilisation
1. Some seals with a hole might have been used as amulets.
2. Mathematical images have also been found on some seals, which might have used for educational purposes as well.
3. Seals with symbol similar to ‘Swastika’ design have also been found.
True/false?

Answer 18

1. True
2. True
3. True.

Question 19

Describe pashupati seal?

Answer 19

1. A steatite seal from Mohenjodaro.
2. Depicts a human figure or a deity seating cross legged.
3. Elephant and Tiger on left side.
4. Rhinoceros and Buffalo on right side.
5. Two antelopes are shown below the seat of the figure.

Question 20

Lost wax technique is also known as?
Examples.

Answer 20

Cire Perdue technique.
Bronze dancing girl of Mohenjodaro, bronze bull of kalibangan.

Question 21

World’s oldest bronze sculpture?

Answer 21

Dancing girl from Mohenjodaro.
Naked girl standing in a tribhanga dancing posture with the right hand on her hip.

Question 22

What is terracotta and what method is used to make them?

Answer 22

• Terracotta refers to the use of fire baked clay for making sculptures.
  They were made using pinching method and have been found mostly in the sites of Gujarat and Kalibangan. Example Mother Goddess, mask of horned deity etc.

Question 23

Pottery of Harappan Civilisation?

Answer 23

Two kinds
1. Plain pottery
2. Painted pottery (Red and Black pottery) red colour to paint background and black colour for designs and figures.
Most of the potteries that have been found are very fine wheel made wares, with a very few being handmade. Some examples of polychrome pottery have also been found, though very rare.

Question 24

Pottery in Harappan Civilisation was used for which purposes?

Answer 24

1. Plain pottery used for household purposes, mainly storage of grains and water.
2. Miniature vessels, less than half an inch in size used for decorative purposes.
3. Perforated pottery- with a large hole in the bottom and small holes across the sides. Used for straining liquor.

Question 25

Ornaments during Harappan Civilisation?

Answer 25

• Both men and women wore ornaments like necklaces, armlets and finger rings.
• Girdles, earrings and anklets were worn only by women.
• Beads were used- evidence by Chanhudaro and Lothal.
• Fabrics like cotton and wool.
• People were conscious of fashion as well- different styles of hair and beard, eg bearded priest (Mohenjodaro).

Question 26

Red sandstone figure of a male torso have been found from?

Answer 26

Harappa.

Question 27

1. Buddhism and Jainism were part of the shramana tradition.
2. Both the religions were opposed to the ‘varna’ and ‘jati’ system of Vedic age, they gained patronage of the Kshatriya rulers.
   True/false?

Answer 27

1. True
2. True.

Question 28

Classify Mauryan art?

Answer 28

1. Court Art ( Court Initiative)
   - Palaces
   - Pillars
   - Stupas
2. Popular Art (Individual Initiative)
   - Caves
   - Pottery
   - Sculptures.

Question 29

1. Mauryan Art introduced stone masonry on an intensive scale.
2. Highly polished and monolithic pillars.
3. Marble was not prominent.
   True/false?

Answer 29

1. True
2. True
3. True.

Question 30

The Mauryan rulers commissioned a large number of architectural works for political as well as religious reasons. These works were referred to as _________.

Answer 30

Court Art.

Question 31

1. The Mauryan Empire was the first powerful empire to come to power in India. The capital at Pataliputra and the palaces at _________ were created to reflect the splendour of the Mauryan Empire.
2. The palace of Chandragupta Maurya was inspired by the Achaemenid palaces at Persepolis in Iran. ________ was the principal building material.

Answer 31

1. Kumrahar
2. Wood

Question 32

Explain basic structure of the Ashokan Pillar?

Answer 32

• Average 40 feet height.
• Made of Chunar Sandstone.
• Highly polished and lustrous finish.
• Four parts
  1. Base of Monolithic shaft (single piece of stone).
  2. Capital on top of shaft– lotus shaped or bell shaped.
  Bell shaped capitals were influenced by the Iranian pillars.
  3. Circular or rectangular base known as abacus.
  4. Animal figure above abacus.
  Example- Lauria Nandangarh Pillar in Champaran, Sarnath pillar near Varanasi etc.

Question 33

Ashokan pillars were used for?

Answer 33

1. As a symbol or state to commemorate battle victories.
2. To propagate imperial sermons as well.

Question 34

Which part of Ashokan Pillar forms the National Emblem?

Answer 34

The Abacus and the animal part.
In the abacus, four animals are shown representing four directions– a galloping horse (west), a bull (east), an elephant (south), a lion (north).

Question 35

What does the animal in our National Emblem depicts?

Answer 35

1. Elephant depicts the dream of Queen Maya, a white elephant entering her womb.
2. The Bull depicts the zodiac sign of Taurus, the month in which Buddha was born.
3. The Horse represents the horse Kanthaka, which buddha is said to have used for going away from princely life.
4. Lion shows the attainment of enlightenment.

Question 36

In the National Emblem of India, the words Satyameva Jayate are taken from?

Answer 36

Mundaka Upanishad, meaning ‘Truth Alone Triumphs’, are inscribed below the abacus in the Devanagari script. The Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).

Question 37

What does the lions in National Emblem symbolizes?

Answer 37

The Lion symbolize Buddha spreading Dhamma in all directions. It was built in the commemoration of the first sermon by Buddha or the Dhammachakraparivartana.

Question 38

1. Stupas were burial mounds prevalent in India from the Vedic period.
2. During the period of Ashoka, the art of stupas reached its climax. Almost 84000 stupas were erected during his period.
   True/false?

Answer 38

1. True
2. True.

Question 39

1. After the death of Buddha, 9 stupas were erected and all of them had the relics of Buddha at their medhi.
2. The core of the stupa was made of unburnt brick while the outer surface was made by using burnt bricks.
   True/false?

Answer 39

1. False, 8 of them had the relics of Buddha at their medhi while the ninth had the pot in which the relics were originally kept.
2. True.

Question 40

The medhi and toran in Buddhist stupas were decorated by?

Answer 40

Wooden sculptures.

Question 41

1. ________ stupa in Madhya Pradesh is the most famous of the Ashokan stupas.
2. ________ stupa in Uttar Pradesh is the oldest one.

Answer 41

1. Sanchi stupa
2. Piprahwa stupa.

Question 42

Location of the 9 stupas built after the death of Buddha are?

Answer 42

1. Rajagriha
2. Vaishali
3. Kapilavastu
4. Allakappa
5. Vethapida
6. Pava
7. Kushinagar
8. Ramagrama
9. Pippalivana.

Question 43

Difference between Ashokan pillars and Achaemenian pillars?

Answer 43

1. Composition– shaft of the Ashokan pillars were monolithic whereas shaft of Achaemenian pillars were made up of various pieces of sandstone cemented together.
2. Location– Ashokan pillars were independently erected by royal diction whereas Achaemenian pillars were generally attached to state buildings.

Question 44

Emergence of rock cut caves?

Answer 44

• Mauryan period saw the emergence of the rock cut caves.
• These caves were generally used as viharas, i.e. living quarters, by the Jain and Buddhist monks.
• While the early caves were used by the Ajivika sect, later they became popular as Buddhist monasteries.

Question 45

Barabar caves and Nagarjuni Caves were formed during the time of?

Answer 45

Barabar caves and Nagarjuni Caves in Bihar were formed during the time of Dasharath, grandson of Ashoka.

Question 46

Two of the famous sculptures of the Mauryan period are those of ______&______. They were objects of worship related to all three religions– Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism.

Answer 46

Yaksha and Yakshi.

Question 47

The earliest mention of Yakshi can be found in?

Answer 47

Silappadikaram.

Question 48

Jain tirthankaras and Yakshi?

Answer 48

All of the Jain tirthankaras were associated with a Yakshi.

Question 49

After the decline of the Mauryan Empire in 2nd century BC small dynasties sprang up in various parts of India like?

Answer 49

1. Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas and Shakas in the North.
2. Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras and Vakatakas in Southern and Western India.
3. Religious scenes saw the emergence of Brahmanical sects such as the Shaivites, Vaishnavites and Shaktites.

Question 50

Art of sculpture reached its climax in which period?

Answer 50

Post Mauryan period, also rock cut caves and stupas continued.

Question 51

Post Mauryan rock cut caves?

Answer 51

Two types of rock caves
1. Vihars– residential halls for Buddhist and Jain monks and were developed during the time of Mauryan Empire.
2. Chaitya– developed during this time, mainly quadrangular chambers with flat roofs and used as prayer halls.
Example:– Karle Chaitya hall, Ajanta caves (25 Vihars + 4 Chaitya) etc.

Question 52

Udayagiri and Khandgari Caves of Post Mauryan period?

Answer 52

1. Made under Kalinga King Kharavela in 1st and 2nd century BC near modern day Bhuvaneswar (Odisha).
2. Has both man made and natural caves.
3. Possibly carved out of residence of Jain monks.
4. Udayagiri caves are famous for the Hathigumpha inscription which is carved out in Brahmi script. The inscription starts out with “Jain Namokar Mantra”.
5. Ranigumpha cave in Udayagiri is double storied.

Question 53

How were Post Mauryan stupas different from Mauryan period?

Answer 53

1. Stupas became larger and more decorative in post Mauryan period.
2. Stone increasingly used in place of wood and brick.
3. Shunga dynasty introduced the idea of torans as beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas.
4. Torans were evidence of Hellenistic influence.
5. Example: Bharhut stupa in Madhya Pradesh, the toran at Sanchi stupa in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 54

Which dynasty introduced the idea of torans as beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas?

Answer 54

Shungas.

Question 55

Sculpture’s School in post Mauryan period?

Answer 55

Three prominent schools developed during this period.
1. Gandhara School
2. Mathura School
3. Amaravati School.

Question 56

Differences between Gandhara (G), Mathura (M) and Amaravati school?

Answer 56

1. External influence:–
   - G– Greek or Hellenistic influence. Also known as Indo Greek art.
   - M and A developed indigenously.
2. Ingredient used:–
   - Early G– bluish grey sandstone and later period used mud and stuco.
   - M– spotted red sandstone.
   - A– white marbles.
3. Religious influence:-
   - G and A mainly Buddhist.
   - M– all three religions Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.
4. Patronage:–
   - G and M patronized by Kushana rulers.
   - A patronized by Satvahana rulers.
5. Area of development:–
   - G– developed in the North West Frontier (Kandahar).
   - M– developed around Mathura, Sonkh and Kankalitila. Kankalitila was famous for Jain sculptures.
   - A– developed in Krishna Godavari lower valley, in and around Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.
6. Features in Buddha sculpture:-
   - G– Buddha in spiritual state, with wavy hair. Wears fewer ornaments. Seated in jogi position and eyes are half closed. Protuberance shown on head. For the first time depicted Buddha as a human form.
   - M– Buddha in delighted mood with a smiling face. Muscularity, wearing tight dress. Face and head shaven. Buddha seated in padmasana. Protuberance on head.
   ‐ A– narrative art or dynamic images. Less emphasis on individual features of Buddha. Sculptures generally depict life stories of Buddha and the Jataka tales, i.e., previous lives of Buddha in both human and animal form.
7. Halo and other postures:–
   - Halo around head of Buddha in Mathura school is larger than in Gandhara School and decorated with geometrical patterns.
   - Tribhanga posture excessively used in Amaravati school.

Question 57

Padmapani holding a lotus and Vajrapani holding a thunderbolt is from which school of art?

Answer 57

Mathura School.

Question 58

Difference between Greek and Roman styles of art?

Answer 58

• Greeks
  1. Muscular depictions of Gods and other men is the idealistic style.
  2. Used marble.
• Romans
  1. Used art for ornamentation and decoration and is realistic in nature as opposed to Greek idealism. It projects realism and depicts real people.
  2. Used concrete in their sculptures and were also famous for their mural paintings.
  Gandhara School integrated both the styles.

Question 59

Bhumisparsha Mudra association and significance?

Answer 59

• Associated with the blue Buddha known as Akshobya.
• Significance– ‘Calling the Earth to Witness the Truth’.

Question 60

Dhyana Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 60

• Also known as Samadhi or Yoga Mudra.
• Both hands in lap, back of right hand resting on palm of left hand with fingers extended.
• Thumb touching at tips forming a mystic triangle.
• Signifies attainment of spiritual perfection.
• Was used by Buddha during final mediation under the Bodhi tree.

Question 61

Vitarka Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 61

1. Indicates teaching and discussion or intellectual debate.
2. Tips of thumb and index finger touching each other, forming a circle 👌🏻.
3. Signifies teaching face, there is no beginning or end, only perfection.

Question 62

Abhaya Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 62

1. Indicates fearlessness.
2. Buddha showed this gesture immediately after attaining enlightenment ✋🏻.
3. Symbolizes strength and inner security.

Question 63

Dharmachakra Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 63

1. Means ‘Turning the Wheel of the Dharma or Law.
2. 👌🏻 Right hand in front of chest palms facing outward, left hand turned inwards and the index finger and thumb joins to touch the right hand’s circle.
3. Exhibited by Buddha when he preached the first sermon to companion after his enlightenment in the Deer Park of the Sarnath.

Question 64

Anjali Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 64

1. For greetings, devotion and adoration.
2. Namaste 🙏🏻.
3. It is believed that true Buddhas (those who are enlightened) do not make this hand gesture and this should not be shown in the Buddha statue.
   This is for Bodhisattvas (who aim to attain perfect knowledge).

Question 65

Uttarabodhi Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 65

1. Means supreme enlightenment.
2. Known for charging ones energy. Symbolises perfection.
3. Shakymuni Buddha, the liberator of Nagas, presents this Mudra.
4. Both hands at chest, intertwining all the fingers except index fingers, extending index fingers straight up and touching each other.

Question 66

Varada Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 66

1. Indicates charity, compassion or granting wishes.
2. Signifies 5 perfections:- Generosity, Morality, Patience, Effort and Meditative Concentration.
3. One hand like this ✋🏻 and other hand upwards down.

Question 67

Karana Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 67

1. Indicates warding off evil.
2. Helps remove obstacles such as sickness or negative thoughts.
3. 🤘🏻 palm forward.
4. Expels demons and negative energy.

Question 68

Vajra Mudra of Buddha?

Answer 68

1. Indicates Knowledge.
2. Better known in Korea or Japan.
3. Erect forefinger of left hand is held in the fist of the right hand. Seen in mirror inverted form also.
4. Mudra signifies the importance of Knowledge or Supreme wisdom, Knowledge is represented by the forefinger and the fist of the right hand protects it.

Question 69

Temple architecture reached its climax during the period of?

Answer 69

• Gupta age is often hailed as the “Golden period of Indian Architecture”.
• Buddhist and Jaina art also reached its peak during this period.

Question 70

Enumerate caves from Gupta Age?

Answer 70

1. Ajanta Caves
2. Ellora Caves
3. Bagh Caves
4. Junagadh Caves
5. Nasik Caves
6. Mandapeshwar Caves
7. Udayagiri Caves

Question 71

Ajanta Caves.
1. Location
2. How many caves
3. Period when developed
4. Inscribed by whom
5. Type of painting used and striking features
6. Theme of Caves
7. Chinese Buddhist travellers that mentioned it in their travel accounts?

Answer 71

1. Location– Ajanta is a series of rock cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges of Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
2. Total– 29 caves, 25 vihars used as Vihars (residential halls) and 4 used as Chaitya or prayer halls.
3. Developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D. Of the 29 caves, 5 were developed during the Hinayana phase while remaining were developed during the Mahayana phase of Buddhism.
4. Inscribed by– Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka Kings– Harishena being a prominent one.
5. Fresco paintings- colours from local vegetation and minerals.
   Outlines of the paintings were done in red colour and then inside was painted.
   Striking features is absence of blue colour.
6. Themed around Buddhism.
7. Fa Hien and Hieun Tsang.
   Examples Mahaparinirvana of Buddha in Cave.no 26.
   Naga King and his consort in Cave.no 19.

Question 72

Explain fresco painting?

Answer 72

It is a three step technique.
1. A layer of clay, mixed with cow dung and rice husk was applied on the surface of the rock.
2. A coating of lime plaster was then applied on the top of it.
3. Colours and pigments were then applied on the moist surface. This allowed the pigments to seep in and create a lasting image on the rock surface.
Example: Dying princess, Flying apsara, etc.

Question 73

Ellora Caves.
1. Location
2. How many caves
3. Development period
4. Developed by
5. Themes
6. Examples?

Answer 73

1. Location– nearly 100 kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri ranges of Maharashtra.
2. Group of 34 caves, 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist and 5 Jain.
3. Period 5th and 11th centuries A.D. (newer as compared to Ajanta Caves).
4. Developed by various guilds from Vidarbha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
5. Themes:–
   - Caves 1–12: Buddhist
   - Caves 13–29: Hindu
   - Caves 30–34: Jain (Digambara sect).
6. Examples:–
   - Caves 10– is a Buddhist Chaitya known as Vishwakarma Caves or carpenter’s cave. Buddha is seated in a Vyakhyana Mudra here and Bodhi tree is carved at his back.
   - Cave 14– Raavan ki khai.
   - Cave 15– Dashavatar temple.
   - Cave 16– kailash temple, Ravana shaking Mount Kailash.
   - Cave 29– Dhumar Lena.
   - Cave 21– Rameshwar temple
   - Two famous Jain caves are Indra Sabha (Cave 32) and Jagannath Sabha (Cave 33).

Question 74

Kailash temple was developed under the patronage of which king?

Answer 74

Rashtrakuta King Krishna 1 and was carved out of a monolith.

Question 75

Bagh Caves.
1. Location
2. Theme
3. Period of development?

Answer 75

1. Bagh river in Madhya Pradesh.
2. Group of 9 Buddhist caves.
3. Around 6th century A.D.
   Architecturally very similar to the Ajanta caves.

Question 76

Junagadh Caves.
1. Location
2. Unique features?

Answer 76

1. Junagadh district of Gujarat.
2. There are not actually caves here, but three different sites can be found.
   - Khapra Kodiya
   - Baba Pyare
   - Uparkot.
3. 30-50 ft high citadel known as Upar Kot in front of the prayer hall.

Question 77

Nasik Caves.
1. Also known as
2. Period of development
3. Sect influence
4. Unique features?

Answer 77

1. Group of 24 Buddhist caves, also known as Pandav Leni.
2. 1st century A.D. and belong to Hinayana period.
3. Under Hinayana sect– use of motifs and symbols.
   - Mahayana sect– idols of Buddha carved.
4. Excellent system of water management indicated through presence of water tanks carved out of solid rocks.

Question 78

Mandapeshwar Caves.
1. Location
2. Period of development
3. Example?

Answer 78

1. Borivalli near Mumbai and known as Montperir caves.
2. Developed in late gupta period as a Brahmanical cave. Later converted into a Christian cave.
3. Remains of the site include sculptures of Natraja, Sada Shiva and Ardhanarishwara.

Question 79

Udayagiri Caves.
1. Location
2. Created under patronage of
3. Why famous
4. Examples?

Answer 79

1. Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.
2. Early 5th century AD under patronage of Chandragupta 2.
3. Famous for having numerous sculptures on the hill walls.
4. Sculpture of Varaha or Boar incarnation of the Vishnu is notable. The caves have one of the earliest Hindu sculptures. It also has caves dedicated to Shiva, Narasimha (half lion), Narayana (resting Vishnu) and Skanda.

Question 80

Stupas during Gupta age.

Answer 80

• Gupta age saw a decline in the development of stupas.
• Dhamek stupa at Sarnath near Varanasi is an example of this period.

Question 81

New school of sculpture that developed during the Gupta age?

Answer 81

• New school of sculpture developed around Sarnath.
• Use of cream coloured sandstone and use of metal.
• Immaculately dressed and lacked any form of nakedness.
• Halo around the head of the Buddha was intricately decorated.
• Example: Sultanganj Buddha.

Question 82

Sohgaura Copper Plate?

Answer 82

1. Earliest known copper plate, is a Mauryan record.
2. Mentions famine relief efforts.
3. One of the very few pre Ashoka Brahmi inscriptions in India.

Question 83

Which inscriptions represents the first tangible evidence of Buddhism?

Answer 83

Ashokan Edicts.

Question 84

Division of Ashokan Edicts?

Answer 84

1. Pillar Edicts.
2. Major Rock Edicts: 14 Edicts (termed 1st to 14th) and 2 separate ones found in Odisha).
3. Major Rock Inscriptions: Minor Rock Edicts, the Queen’s Edicts, Barabar cave inscriptions and the Kandahar bilingual Inscription.

Question 85

The Ashokan Edicts maily focus on social and moral precepts rather than specific religious practices or the philosophical dimensions of Buddhism. In these inscriptions, Ashoka refers to himself as “Beloved servant of the God” (Devanampiyadasi). The identification of Devanampiyadasi with Ashoka was confirmed by an inscription at _______.

Answer 85

Maski.

Question 86

Rummindei Pillar Edicts (Lumbini)?

Answer 86

1. Minor Pillar Inscriptions.
2. Mentions Ashoka’s visit to Lumbini (Rummindei), Rupandehi district, Nepal, the birthplace of Lord Buddha.
3. Ashoka exempted Lumbini from paying tax, and fixed its contribution of grain at one–eighth.
4. Inscription in Brahmi script.

Question 87

Prayag Prashasti inscriptions?

Answer 87

• Name given to the Allahabad Pillar.
• Prayag is the meeting place of rivers Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati.
• It is an Ashokan Stambh but has four different inscriptions.
  1.The usual Ashokan inscriptions in Brahmi script as in all pillars.
  2. The Queen’s edict regaling the charitable deeds of Ashoka’s wife Kaurwaki.
  3. Samudragupta’s (335AD -375 AD) inscriptions written by Harisena in Sanskrit language and Brahmi script. It mentions about the conquests of Samudragupta and boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
  4. Jahangir’s inscriptions in Persian.

Question 88

Mehrauli Inscription?

Answer 88

• In Delhi in Qutub Minar complex.
• Rust resistant.
• Established by Chandragupta 2 of the Gupta dynasty as Vishnupada in the honor of Lord Vishnu.
• This pillars credits Chandragupta with the conquest of the Vanga countries.
• It also credits him for conquest of Bahlikas in a fight that ran across seven mouths of Indus River.

Question 89

Kalsi Inscription?

Answer 89

1. Located in between Chakrata and Dehradun on the banks of Yamuna River.
2. It is the only place in North India where the great Mauryan emperor has inscribed the set of the fourteen rock edicts
3. The language of the edicts is Prakrit and the script is Brahmi.
4. Written around 450 B.C these rock edicts reflect Ashoka’s human approach in his internal administration when he converted himself to Buddhism.

Question 90

Maski Inscription?

Answer 90

1. In Raichur district of Karnataka on the banks of Maski river (tributary of Tungabhadra).
2. The site has a minor rock edict of Ashoka.
3. It is the first edict of emperor Ashoka that contained the name Ashoka in it instead of Devanampiyadasi or Piyadasi.
4. The inscription remains a dharma shasana, and tells the people to follow the tenets of Buddhism.
5. It also suggest the spread of the Mauryan rule up to the Krishna valley of north eastern Karnataka.

Question 91

Kalinga Edicts?

Answer 91

1. In Odisha.
2. Kalinga war- Ashoka not only gave up his ambition of Digvijaya but also decided to take the path of non violence and to follow Buddhism.
3. The set of Rock edicts contain eleven out of the well known fourteen Rock Edicts of Ashoka.
4. The language of the edicts is Magadhi Prakrita and the script being early Brahmi.

Question 92

Aihole Inscription?

Answer 92

1. Aihole in Karnataka was the first capital of the Chalukyas.
2. Inscriptions found at the Meguti Temple popularly known as Aihole inscription witnessed many historical events of the Chalukyas.
3. The inscription is written in Sanskrit and it is in Kannada script.
4. There is a mention about the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulakeshin 2 and the victory of Chalukyas over Pallavas.
5. It also mentions about the shifting of the capital from Aihole to Badami.

Question 93

Hathigumpha inscription?

Answer 93

1. Also known as Elephant Cave Inscription.
2. From Udayagiri Khandagiri Caves in Odisha.
3. Inscribed by King Kharavela during 2nd century BCE.
4. Inscription consists of 17 lines in Prakrit language and in Brahmi script.

Question 94

Development of a square sanctum and a pillared portico emerged during the _______ period.

Answer 94

Gupta.

Question 95

Stages of Temple architecture under Guptas?

Answer 95

1. First Stage:–
   - Temples had flat roof.
   - Temples were square in shape.
   - Portico developed on shallow pillars.
   - Entire structure built on low platforms.
   Example:- Temple no. 17 at Sanchi.
2. Second Stage:–
   - Platforms higher or upraised.
   - Some two storied temples have been found.
   - Addition of covered ambulatory passageway around sanctum sanctorum.
   Example:– Parvati Temple at Nachna Kuthara in Madhya Pradesh.
3. Third Stage:–
   - Emergence of shikharas in place of flat roofs.
   - Temples still quite low and almost square, i.e. curvilinear.
   - Panchayatam style introduced.
   Example:– Dashavatar Temple at Deogarh (UP), Durga Temple at Aihole (Karnataka) etc.
4. Fourth Stage:–
   - Almost similar, except the main shrine became more rectangular.
   Example:– Ter Temple at Sholapur.
5. Fifth Stage:–
   ‐ Introduction of circular Temples with shallow rectangular projections.
   - Rest of the feature of previous stage continued.
   Example:– Maniyar Math at Rajgir.

Question 96

Explain Panchayatan style?

Answer 96

• There were four subsidiary shrines along with the temple of the principal deity.
• The main temple was square with an elongated mandap in front of it, giving it a rectangular shape.
• The subsidiary shrines were placed opposite to each other on either side of the mandap, giving the ground plan a crucified shape.

Question 97

Enumerate Styles of Temple Architecture?

Answer 97

1. Nagara Style
2. Dravidian Style
3. Nayaka Style
4. Vesara Style
5. Hoysala Style
6. Vijayanagara Art
7. Pala and Sena School.

Question 98

Basic features of Hindu Temple?

Answer 98

1 Sanctum Sanctorum– also known as the Garbhagriha (literally womb house) is a small room, generally cubicle, which houses the principal deity of the temple.
2. Mandapa– entrance to the temple, houses a large number of worshippers.
3. Shikhara– mountain like spike.
4. Vahana– is the mount or vehicle of the main deity and is placed just before the sanctum sanctorum.

Question 99

Features of Nagara School of Architecture?

Answer 99

From fifth century A.D. onwards, developed in the northern part of India.
1. Panchayatan style.
2. Presence of assembly halls or mandaps.
3. Images of the river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, placed outside the garbhagriha.
4. No water tanks.
5. Temples built on upraised platforms.
6. Porticos had a pillared approach.
7. Shikharas of three types– Latina or rekha prasad, Phamsana, Valabhi.
8. Amalak and Kalash present.
9. Temple wall divided into three vertical planes called rathas known as triratha temples. Later pancharatha, saptaratha and navaratha came into existence.
10. Ambulatory passageway or pradakshina path was covered.
11. Temples did not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.

Question 100

Three types of Shikharaa in Nagara style of Architecture?

Answer 100

1. Latina or Rekha prasad– they were square at the base and the walls curve inward to a point on the top.
2. Phamsana– they had a broader base and were shorter in height than the Latina ones. They slope upwards on a straight line.
3. Valabhi– they had a rectangular base with the roof rising into vaulted chambers. They were also called wagon vaulted roofs.

Question 101

Term Amalak and Kalash meaning in Nagara Style of Architecture?

Answer 101

The vertical end of the shikhara ended in a horizontal fluted disc, known as the Amalak. On top of that, a spherical shape was placed known as the kalash.

Question 102

Three sub schools under Nagara School of Architecture?

Answer 102

1. Odisha School
2. Khajuraho School
3. Solanki School (also known as the Maru Gurjara style).

Question 103

Features of Odisha School of Architecture?

Answer 103

1. Exterior walls lavishly decorated but interior walls were plain.
2. No use of pillars in the porch. Iron girders were used instead to support roof.
3. Shikharas in the Odisha School were known as rekhadeuls.
4. Mandap was known as Jagmohan in this region.
5. Ground plan of the main temple was square.
6. Temples were surrounded by boundary wall as in Dravidian style of temple architecture.
   Example:– Natmandir dance hall eg Konark Sun Temple (also known as Black Pagoda), Jagannath temple at Puri, Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar, etc.

Question 104

Golden triangle of Odisha?

Answer 104

1. Jagannath Puri
2. Bhubaneswar
3. Konark Sun Temple.

Question 105

Konark Sun Temple
1. MNRE has taken up complete solarisation of Konark town and Konark Sun Temple. Scheme plans to set up 10 MW grid connected solar project and various solar off grid applications.
2. Implementation by Odisha Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA).
3. Rabindranath Tagore wrote- Here the language of stone surpasses the language of man.
4. Was built by King Narasimhadeva 1 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty from 1238-1250 CE, it belongs to Kalinga School of Indian Temple.
True/false?

Answer 105

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True.

Question 106

Features of Khajuraho School of Architecture?

Answer 106

Developed by Chandela rulers, also known as Chandel School.
1. Both interior and exterior walls lavishly decorated.
2. Erotic sculptures inspired from Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra.
3. Use of sandstone.
4. Temple had three chambers– garbhagriha, mandapa and ardha mandapa. Some temples had a vestibular entrance to the garbhagriha known as antarala.
5. Temples were north or east facing.
6. Panchayatan style followed.
7. Even the subsidiary shrines had rekha prasad shikharas. This created an impression of mountain range.
8. Temple built on relatively higher platform and belong to Hindu as well as Jain religion.
Example:– Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Lakshman temple at Khajuraho, etc.

Question 107

Features of Solanki School of Architecture?

Answer 107

Developed in Gujarat and Rajasthan under the patronage of the Solanki rulers.
1. Devoid of any carvings.
2. Garbhagriha is connected with the mandapa both internally as well as externally.
3. Porticos have decorative arched gateways known as torans.
4. Presence of step-tanks, known as surya kund in the proximity of the temple.
5. Steps of the tank are full of small temples. There are wooden carvings present in these temples.
6. Variety of materials used, sandstone, black basalt and soft marble.
7. Most temples are east facing, and designed such that every year, during the equinox, the sun rays fall directly into the central shrine.
Example:– Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat.

Question 108

Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat was built by?

Answer 108

Bhima 1 in (1026-27).

Question 109

Classification of Temple Architecture in South India?

Answer 109

Temple architecture in South India began under the Pallava ruler Mahendravarman. It can be classified into four stages chronologically.
1. Mahendra group
2. Narasimha group
3. Rajsimha group
4. Nandivarman group.

Question 110

Features of Mahendra group of Temple (Temple Architecture in South India)?

Answer 110

1. First stage of Pallava architecture.
2. Temples built under Mahendravarman were basically rock cut temples.
3. Under him, the temples were known as mandaps, unlike the Nagara style in which the mandapas meant only the assembly hall.

Question 111

Features of Narasimha group of Temple (Temple Architecture in South India)?

Answer 111

1. Second stage of development.
2. Rock cut temples were decorated by intricate sculptures.
3. Under Narasimhavarman, the mandapas were now divided into separate rathas.
4. The biggest one was called the Dharmaraja ratha while the smallest one was called the Draupadi ratha.
5. The design of a temple in the Dravidian style of architecture is a successor of the Dharmaraj ratha.
   Example:– The Pancha rathas, i.e., 5 temples at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.

Question 112

Features of Rajasimha group of Temple (Temple Architecture in South India)?

Answer 112

1. Rajasimhavarman (Narsimhavarman 2) led the third stage of temple development.
2. Under him, real structural temples was started in place of rock cut temples.
   Example:– Shore temple at Mahabalipuram, Kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram, etc.

Question 113

Features of Nandivarman group of Temple (Temple Architecture in South India)?

Answer 113

1. Fourth stage of temple development during Pallava dynasty.
2. Temples were smaller in size.
3. Features were almost similar to the Dravidian style of temple architecture.

Question 114

Temple architecture after the decline of the Pallava dynasty?

Answer 114

• After the decline of Pallava dynasty, temple architecture acquired a new style under the Chola kingdom, known as the Dravidian style of temple.
• In the later periods, three other styles– Vesara style, Nayaka style and Vijaynagar style– also emerged in this region.

Question 115

The ancient port city of Mamallapuram under Pallava dynasty in Tamil Nadu, flourishing with a number of marvelous architecture. These seventy century Pallava sites have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 by the name “Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram”.
They include?

Answer 115

1. Ratha temples or Pancha Ratha– also known as Pandava Rathas, they are the earliest rock cut temples in India, comprising of Dharmaraja Ratha (largest among five), Bhima Ratha, Arjuna Ratha, Nakula and Sahadeva Ratha, and Draupadi Ratha.
2. Rock cut caves– Varaha Cave Temple, Krishna Cave Temple, Panchapandava Cave Temple, and the Mahishasuramardini Mandapa (Bas-relief of Goddess Durga killing Mahishasura).
3. Open Air Rock Reliefs– include Descent of the Ganges which is also known as Arjuna’s Penance or Bhagiratha’s Penance.
4. Shore Temple complex– two small and one large temple enclosed within a two tier compound wall studded with images of Nandi. The temple is predominantly dedicated to Lord Shiva with a sculpture of Anantashayana Vishnu in one of the three temples within the complex.

Question 116

Chola Art– Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture features?

Answer 116

1. Unlike Nagara temples, the Dravidian temples were surrounded by high boundary walls.
2. The front wall had a high entrance gateway known as the gopuram.
3. Panchayatan style used.
4. The spire is in the form of a stepped pyramid that rises up linearly rather than curved. It is known as vimana.
5. The crowing element is shaped in the form of an octagon and is known as shikhara. It is similar to the kalash of Nagara temple, but not spherical.
6. There is only one vimana. The subsidiary shrines do not have vimanas, unlike in Nagara architecture.
7. The assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by a vestibular tunnel known as antarala.
8. The entrance of the garbhagriha had sculptures of Dwaarpal, mithun and yakshas.
9. Presence of water tank inside the temple enclosure was a unique feature of the Dravidian style.
   Example:– Brihadeswara temple at Tanjore, Gangaikondacholapuram temple etc.

Question 117

Brihadeswara temple at Tanjore was built by?

Answer 117

Raja Raja 1 in 1011 A.D.

Question 118

Gangaikondacholapuram temple was built by?

Answer 118

Rajendra 1 to commemorate his victory in the Gangetic delta.

Question 119

Nataraja in the Tandava dance posture was excavated at Ravana phadi cave at Aihole, was made during the early Chalukya rule, the sculpture reached its peak under the Cholas. Describe its features?

Answer 119

1. Upper right hand holds the drum– signifies sound of creation.
2. Upper left hand holds eternal fire– represents the destruction.
3. Lower right hand– abhay mudra signifying benediction and reassuring the devotee not to be afraid.
4. Lower left hand– points towards the upraised foot and indicates the path of salvation.
5. Shiva is dancing on the figure of a small dwarf. The dwarf symbolises ignorance and the ego of an individual.
6. The matted and flowing locks of Shiva represent the flow of river Ganges.
7. In ornamentation, one ear of Shiva has a male earring while the other has female. This represents the form of male and female and is often referred to as ardhanarishwar.
8. A snake is twisted around the arm of Shiva. It symbolises the Kundalini power, which resides in the human spine in dormant stage. If aroused, one can attain true consciousness.
9. The Nataraja is surrounded by a nimbus of glowing lights which symbolises the vast cycles of time.

Question 120

What is Kundalini power?

Answer 120

A snake is twisted around the arm of Shiva. It symbolises the Kundalini power, which resides in the human spine in dormant stage. If aroused, one can attain true consciousness.

Question 121

Features of Nayaka school of art?

Answer 121

Flourished under Nayaka rulers between 16th century and the 18th centuries A.D. It was also known as Madurai school. It was architecturally similar to the Dravidian style, but much larger in scope. It has islamic influence.
1. Presence of Prakarams or huge corridors in the portico, around the garbhagriha.
2. Roofed ambulatory passageways.
3. Gopurams under Nayaka rulers were some of the largest gopurams. Meenakshi temple in Madurai has the tallest gopuram in the world. The art of gopuram reached its climax in the Nayaka style.
4. Temple structure was filled with intricate carvings.
Example:– Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, etc.

Question 122

Features of Vesara School of Architecture?

Answer 122

Also known as the Karnataka school of architecture, it was conceptualized under the later Chalukya rulers. It combined features of both Nagara school and the Dravidian school and resulted in a hybridised style.
1. Emphasis on vimana and mandapa.
2. Open ambulatory passageway.
3. The pillars, doorways and the ceilings were decorated with intricate carvings.
4. Influence of Nagara style is in Curvilinear Shikhara and square base of Vesara temple.
5. Influence of Dravida style is seen in intricate carvings and sculptures, design of Vimana and Step or terraced Shikhara of Vesara temples.
Example:– Doddabasappa temple at Dambal, Ladkhan temple at Aihole, temples at Badami etc.

Question 123

Prominent dynasties who made Vesara style temples?

Answer 123

1. Chalukyas of Badami and Kalyani.
2. Rashtrakutas (750‐983 AD). Kailashnath temple in Ellora.
3. Hoysala Dynasty (1050-1300 AD). Temples at Halebidu, Belur etc.

Question 124

Features of Vijayanagara School of Architecture?

Answer 124

They combined the features of Chola, Hoysalas, Pandyas, Chalukyas architectural styles. Under them, architectural style was started to be influenced by the Indo-Islamic style of Bijapur.
1. Walls highly decorated with carvings.
2. Gopurams, which were previously present on the front side, were now built on all the sides.
3. Monolithic rock pillars.
4. Generally, temple pillars have a mythical creature Yali (Horse) engraved in them.
5. The enclosing walls were larger.
6. More than one mandaps were built in each temple. The central mandap came to be known as kalyan mandap.
7. The concept of secular buildings introduced during this period.
8. Temple complex is enclosed by boundaries.
Example:– Vittalaswami temple complex, Lotus Mahal, Virupaksha temple and Raghunatha Temple at Hampi etc. Rock cut idol of Narasimha on Shesha (snake) near Hampi is a marvel in itself.

Question 125

The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was introduced during the period of?

Answer 125

Vijayanagara School.

Question 126

Features of Hoysala Art?

Answer 126

In Karnataka near Mysore. Developed in the period from 1050-1300 A.D. with prominent seats being Belur, Halebidu and Sringeri.
1. Multiple shrines were built around a central pillared hall.
2. Unlike the crucified ground plan of the Panchayatan style, the shrines led out in the shape of an intricately designed star. This was known as the Stellate plan.
3. Soft sope stone (Chorite schist) was the main building material.
4. Massive emphasis was laid down on the decoration of the temple through sculptures. Both the interior and exterior walls, even the jewelleries worn by the deities were intricately carved.
5. All the chambers had Shikharas which were incorporated by an arrangement of horizontal lines and mouldings.
6. Temples were built on an upraised platform known as Jagati, which was about 1 metre high.
7. The walls and stairs of the temple followed a zigzag pattern.
Example:– Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu, Chennakesava temple at Belur, Chennakesava temple at Somanathapura.

Question 127

Pala and Sena school temple architecture features?

Answer 127

• In Bengal region.
• Period 8th and 12th century A.D. under the patronage of Pala dynasty and Sena dynasty.
• Palas were primarily Buddhist rulers following Mahayana tradition, but were very tolerant and patronized both the religions.
• Pala kings built lots of Viharas, Chaityas and Stupas.
• The Senas were Hindus and built temples of Hindu gods, and also sustained Buddhist architectures.
• Thus the architecture reflected the influence of both the religions.
  1. Buildings had a curve or sloping roof, as in bamboo huts. This became popularly known as the Bangla roof and was later adopted by the Mughal architecture.
  2. Burnt bricks and clay, known as terracotta bricks was the principal building material.
  3. Had tall, curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka, similar to the Odisha School.
  4. Both stone as well as metal was used.
  5. Highly lustrous finish.
  Example:– Siddhesvara Mahadev temple in Barakar, temples around Vishnupur etc.

Question 128

Monuments under Pala rulers are?

Answer 128

1. Universities of Nalanda, Jagaddala, Odantapuri and Vikramshila were developed under Pala rulers.
2. Somapura Mahavihara is a magnificent monastery in Bangladesh developed by them.

Question 129

Monuments under Sena rulers?

Answer 129

Dhakeshwari temple in Bangladesh.

Question 130

Odantapuri university (ancient India).
1. Location
2. Built under patronage of
3. Destroyed by
4. Religion?

Answer 130

1. Bihar
2. Pala dynasty king Gopala 1.
3. Destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji.
4. It is a Buddhist mahavihara.

Question 131

Vikramshila University (ancient India).
1. Location
2. Established by
3. Religion
4. Which sect flourished here?

Answer 131

1. Bihar
2. King Dharampala of Pala dynasty.
3. Buddhist learning centre.
4. Vajrayana sect flourished here and Tantric teachings were taught. Other subjects like logic, Vedas, astronomy, urban development, law, grammar, philosophy, etc were also taught.

Question 132

Jaggadala University (ancient India).
1. Location
2. Established by?

Answer 132

1. Centre of learning for the Vajrayana sect of Buddhism, in Bengal.
2. Established by King Ramapala of Pala dynasty. Many took shelter here after Nalanda and Vikramshila declined.

Question 133

Valabhi University (ancient India).
1. Location
2. Centre of learning for
3. Things taught here
4. Which Chinese scholar visit here
5. Supported by the grants of rulers of?

Answer 133

1. Saurashtra, Gujarat
2. Hinayana Buddhism
3. Administration and statecraft, laws, philosophy etc.
4. Hseun Tsang
5. Maitraka Dynasty of Gujarat.

Question 134

Nalanda University (ancient India).
1. In existence during _______ period.
2. Gained prominence under_____
3. All three ______ doctrines were taught
4. Subjects taught?

Answer 134

1. Gupta period.
2. Harshavardhana’s reign and Pala kings.
3. Buddhist doctrines, it was a major site for Mahayana Buddhist teachings.
4. Vedas, fine arts, grammar, philosophy, logic, medicine, etc. It had eight separate compounds and even had dormitories for students. The teachings in the university deeply influenced Tibetan Buddhism.

Question 135

Madhyamika Shunyavad is written by?

Answer 135

Nagarjuna.

Question 136

Scholars of Nalanda University?

Answer 136

1. Hsuan Tsang
2. I Tsing
3. Nagarjuna
4. Atisha
5. Shilabhadra (Mokshadeva)
6. Aryabhatta
7. Acharya Kamalasheel
8. Shantarakshita
9. Dignaga
10. Dharampala
11. Thonmi Sambhota

Question 137

Takshashila University
1. Location
2. Theologies taught here?

Answer 137

1. Pakistan
2. Both Hindu and Buddhist theologies were taught here.

Question 138

Chanakya composed Arthashastra at which university?

Answer 138

It is believed that Chanakya composed Arthashastra at Takshashila.

Question 139

Teachers and students from Takshashila?

Answer 139

1. Chanakya
2. Charaka
3. Panini
4. Prasenajit
5. Jivaka.

Question 140

Kancheepuram University.
1. Centre of learning for ______.
2. Achieved great name under the rule of ______.

Answer 140

1. Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.
2. Pallavas.

Question 141

It rose to prominence under the Rashtrakutas rule. Scholars of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism studied here. It has a ‘matha’ of Dvaitas school of thought.
Which university?

Answer 141

Manyakheta now called Malkhed (Karnataka).

Question 142

Pushpagiri Vihara and Lalitagiri (Odisha)
1. Established by
2. Mainly a ______ learning centre.

Answer 142

1. Kalinga Kings near Udayagiri hills.
2. Buddhist learning centre.

Question 143

Sharada Peeth present day location?

Answer 143

Pakistan occupied Kashmir.
It also has a Sharda Devi temple.

Question 144

Nagarjunakonda university in Andhra Pradesh was a major Buddhist centre. It was named after Nagarjuna, a south Indian scholar of _________ Buddhism.

Answer 144

Mahayana.

Question 145

Richest temple in the world in terms of donation and wealth.
It is believed lord himself appeared on that place, that’s why it is called “Svayam Vyakta Vigraha”.
Which temple?

Answer 145

Venkateshwara Temple (Also known as Temple of Seven Hills) Andhra Pradesh.

Question 146

Except on Akshaya Tritiya, the idol of Varaha Narasimha is covered with sandalwood paste throughout the year, which makes it resemble a Shiva Lingam.
Which Temple?

Answer 146

Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Temple (also known as Simahachalam Temple), Andhra Pradesh.

Question 147

Significant to the Hindu sects of both Saivism and Shaktism.
It is the only temple in India which is revered as both Jyotirlinga and Shaktipeeth.
Deity worshipped with jasmine (locally called Mallika), leading to the name of presiding deity as Mallikarjuna.
Which temple?

Answer 147

Sri Bramarambha Mallikarjuna Temple, Andhra Pradesh. Satvahana dynasty.

Question 148

Before the main entrance of the temple there is a huge tower, called Gaaligopuram, which means “wind tower” and is approximately 70 feet high.
Which temple?

Answer 148

Sri Ranganthaswami Temple, Andhra Pradesh.

Question 149

One of the oldest of the 51 Shakti Pithas.
Important pilgrimage destination for Tantric Worshippers.
Which temple?

Answer 149

Kamakhya Temple (also known as Kamrup Kamakhaya) Assam.

Question 150

Shiva is said to have resided here in the form of Bhayananda.
This mountain is also called Bhasmakuta.
Located on Peacock island on river Brahmaputra.
Which temple?

Answer 150

Umananda Devaloi, Assam.

Question 151

Temple of nine major celestial bodies?

Answer 151

Navagraha Temple, Assam.

Question 152

One of the attraction of the temple is the monkeys. The temple is the house of rhesus monkeys?

Answer 152

Negheriting Shiva Doul, Assam.

Question 153

The temple, built of stone, is on an octagonal plan which is rare. It is the earliest specimen of the Nagara style of temple architecture in Bihar.

Answer 153

Mundeshwari Devi Temple, Bihar.

Question 154

This temple is a patroness of the Hijra community in India.

Answer 154

Bahuchara Mata Temple, Gujarat.

Question 155

It was built in Maru-Gurjara style (Chalukya style).
No worship is offered here presently.

Answer 155

Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat.

Question 156

Erotic sculptures has given a distinct style like Khajuraho temple and the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha, and hence the this temple is also known as “Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh”.

Answer 156

Bhoramdeo Temple.

Question 157

It is one of the Shakti Peethas.
The temple is built on the spot where the Daanth or Tooth of Sati fell.

Answer 157

Mahamaya temple, Chhattisgarh.

Question 158

The shape of the temple resemble the back of the elephant?

Answer 158

Durga temple, Karnataka.

Question 159

Iconic stone chariot is present here.
There is also a swing pavilion present.
The temple contains images of foreigners like Persian selling horses.

Answer 159

Vittalaswami temple, Hampi Karnataka.

Question 160

Jagati follows the staggered square design of the mandapa and the star shape of the shrine.
Sculptures present include Gajasurasamhara, Shilabalika, etc.
Which temple?

Answer 160

Chennakesava Temple, Belur Karnataka.

Question 161

Identify temple?
Sculpture of krishna playing flute in the sanctum.
Inductee carvings making it one of the finest architecture of the Hoysala empire.
Jagati based on Stellate Plan.

Answer 161

Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura Karnataka.

Question 162

A strict dress code has to be followed for entry.
Laksha Deepam festival once in 6 years.
Which temple?

Answer 162

Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Kerela.

Question 163

In 2014, the temple became first in India to invite women and people from backward classes as priests.

Answer 163

Vitthal Temple or Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur Maharashtra.

Question 164

It is also called Black Pagoda.
The wheels of the temple are sundials which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute.

Answer 164

Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.

Question 165

It is called the temple of Rats as more then 25000 Rats can be found inside the temple premises.

Answer 165

Thousand Pillar Temple, Hanamakonda Telangana.

Question 166

The original idol of the presiding deity is believed to have been made by Boga Siddhar using highly toxic herbs, which could kill people with its very presence and hence has been in controversy many a times.

Answer 166

Murugan Temple, Palani Tamil Nadu.

Question 167

The temple is related to the spiritual Saint Rama Krishna Paramahansa?

Answer 167

Dakshineshwar Temple, West Bengal.

Question 168

Jyotirlingas from Gujarat?

Answer 168

1. Somnath Temple, Saurashtra.
2. Nageshavara Jyotirlinga, Jamnagar.

Question 169

Jyotirlingas from Andhra Pradesh?

Answer 169

Mallikarjuna Swami, Srisailam.

Question 170

Jyotirlingas from Madhya Pradesh?

Answer 170

1. Mahakaleshwar, Ujjain.
2. Omkareshwar, Khandwa district.

Question 171

Jyotirlingas from Uttar Pradesh?

Answer 171

Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi.

Question 172

Jyotirlingas from Jharkhand?

Answer 172

Baidyanath Temple, Deoghar.

Question 173

Jyotirlingas from Tamil Nadu?

Answer 173

Rameshwar, Rameshwaram.

Question 174

Jyotirlingas from Maharashtra?

Answer 174

1. Grishneshwar, near Ellora, Aurangabad.
2. Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple, Nasik.
3. Bhimashankar, Pune.

Question 175

Angkor Wat Temple?
1. Location
2. Built by

Answer 175

• World’s largest Hindu temple.
• Cambodia.
• Built between 800-1300 A.D. by the Khmer rulers.
• Suryavarman 2 credited with building most of the monuments.
• Architecture is very closely related to the Chola architecture.

Question 176

Prambanam temple- Java.
1. Location
2. Dedicated to
3. Built by

Answer 176

• The largest Hindu temple in Indonesia.
• UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Dedicated to the Trimurti gods of the Hindu pantheon namely Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver) and Shiva (Destroyer).
• Built in 9th century AD by the Sanjaya kings is the Mataram or Medang kingdom who were mainly Shiva worshippers.

Question 177

Pashupatinath Temple.
1. Location
2. Dedicated to

Answer 177

• Kathmandu, Nepal on the banks of River Bagmati.
• Dedicated to Lord Pashupatinath or Shiva.
• It’s shape is cubical and is two tiered. It has two Garbhagrihas- Inner and Outer. Inner sanctum contains Shiva linga with four faces.

Question 178

Preah Vihear Temple.
1. Location
2. Dedicated to
3. Built by
4. Management

Answer 178

1. Cambodia
2. Dedicated to mountain gods Sikharesvara and Bhadresvara (manifestations of Lord Shiva). Temple symbolically represents the mythological “Mount Meru”.
3. Mainly built by the Khmer Kings Suryavarman 1 and Suryavarman 2 in 11th and 12th centuries.
   Included in the UNESCO’S World Heritage Site list.
4. Being located on the border, its ownership and management was a matter of dispute between Thailand and Cambodia with ICJ ruling in favour of Cambodia in 1962.

Question 179

• The ancient temple is dedicated to Shiva and is built in the Kashmiri architectural style of Varma and Karkota dynasties.
• It is made up of soft sandstone and has trefoil arches, dentiles & pointed roofs.
• It is believed that Pandavas visited the temple during their exile.
• It is mentioned in the travelogues of Hsuan Tsang, the 7th century Chinese traveller.
• The complex has Satgraha’ (seven temples), a sacred lake and ruins of a Buddhist stupa.
  Which temple?

Answer 179

Katas Raj Temple, Pakistan.

Question 180

• It is one of the oldest and revered temples of South Asia and was mentioned by the 5th century historian Herodotus, Chinese traveller Hsuan Tsang and 10th century Persian geographer al- Istakhri.
• The temple famous for its riches was raided constantly by invaders, and notably Mahmud of Ghazni.
• It had an idol of Sun god made up in gold with eyes of beautiful red rubies.

Answer 180

Aditya Sun Temple of Multan, Pakistan.

Question 181

• It is believed to thousand years old with re-construction done in phases by Sri Lankan kings in 16th century following destruction done by Portuguese Jesuits in early 16th century.
• It is mainly dedicated to Shiva with shrines of Ganesha, Kali and Ayyanayake (Sinhalese Buddhist deity) also present.

Answer 181

Munneswaram Temple, Sri Lanka.

Question 182

Identify this Jain pilgrimage Site?
Shatrunjay hills in Kathiawar, Gujarat. It is regarded as the holiest site, especially by Svetambara sect. It is mainly dedicated to Rishabha, the first tirthankara. It has more than 800 marble temples.

Answer 182

Palitana Temples.

Question 183

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
In Jharkhand. One of the holiest site and it is believed that 20 tirthankars attained Moksha here.

Answer 183

Shikarji, Parasnath in Jharkhand.

Question 184

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
In Junagadh district (Gujarat). Among the 16 temples,the largest temple is of Neminath (22nd Tirthankar).

Answer 184

Girnar Temples.

Question 185

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
In Nalanda district in Bihar. The last tirthankar Mahavira was cremated here after attaining Moksha.

Answer 185

Pawapuri.

Question 186

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Mount Abu in Rajasthan has five marvellous temples built of marble with intricate carvings. The oldest of which Vimal Vasahi temple was built by Vimal Shah in 11th century AD. The other temples are Luna Vasahi, Pittalhar, Parshvanath and Mahavir Swami, built through 13th-17th century.

Answer 186

Dilwara Temples.

Question 187

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
In Karnataka. The Gomateswara statute is of Lord Bahubali, the son of the first Jain Tirthankar. It was built in 10th century AD by a minister in Ganga dynasty empire, Chamundaraya. It has several ‘Basadis’ or Jain temples.

Answer 187

Shravanabelagola.

Question 188

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site
In Deogarh, Lalitpur district in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. It has 31 temples with beautiful iconography.

Answer 188

Shanrinath temple complex.

Question 189

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Barwani district in Madhya Pradesh. It has a 84 feet tall statue of Lord Adinath carved out of a single rock.

Answer 189

Bawangaja.

Question 190

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Pali district in Rajasthan. It was built in 15th century and has got some similarities with Hoysala architecture and not Nagara. There are over 1400 pillars and are carved in great detail and are unique to each other.

Answer 190

Ranakpur Temples.

Question 191

Discovery of Jain bronze statues in
1. Chausa–
2. Hansi–
3. Akota–
Location?

Answer 191

1. Chausa– Bihar
2. Hansi– Hissar, Haryana
3. Akota– Vadodara, Gujarat.

Question 192

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh: Discovery of a type of votive tablets known as Ayagapata used for donation and worship in Jainism in early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa, dharmacakra and triratna. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.

Answer 192

Kankali Tila.

Question 193

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
They date back to the 2nd-1st century BCE and are dedicated to Jainism and carved out during the reign of King Kharavela. The number of existing caves at Udayagiri is 18, while Khandagiri has 15. Famous caves here include Hathi Gumpha, Rani Gumpha and Ganesh Gumpha. They are rich with carvings of Jain tirthankaras and deities with inscription including the Hathigumpha inscription. The Hathigumpha inscription, written by Raja Kharavela, consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters and mainly mentions the various conquests of this king.

Answer 193

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha.

Question 194

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Also known as Soniji Ki Nasiyan; lt was constructed in 19th century and dedicated to Lord Rishabhdev, the first Jain tirthankara.

Answer 194

Nasiyan Temple in Ajmer.

Question 195

Hathi Singh Jain Temple is located in?

Answer 195

Ahmedabad.

Question 196

Sittanavasal Caves (Jain Pilgrimage) are located in?

Answer 196

Tamil Nadu.

Question 197

Identify this Jain pilgrimage site?
Located near Tahrabad in Maharashtra: It is a twin-pinnacled peak with plateau in between and dedicated to Jainism and considered as a gateway to the state of enlightenment. It enshrines images of Tirthankaras in several postures including Padmasana and kayotsarga and were made around 6th century AD. Recently, in 2016, The Statue of Ahimsa, an 108 ft idol carved in monolithic stone was consecrated here. It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world.

Answer 197

Mangi Tungi.

Question 198

Features of Indo-Islamic architecture or Indo-Saracenic architecture?

Answer 198

Confluence of Persian style with the Indian style.
1. Use of arch and domes (arcuade style) replaced the traditional Trabeat style of architecture.
2. Islamic rulers introduced the use of minars.
3. Mortar was used as a cementing agent.
4. Avoided the use of human and animal figures.
5. Indo Islamic architecture introduced spaciousness, massiveness and breadth to it.
6. Used calligraphy as means of decoration.
7. Arabesque method used for decoration.
8. Heavily used the principles of geometry- imbibing a sense of symmetry.
9. Jaali works‐ signifies the importance of light in Islamic religion.
10. Use of water in the premises of the constructions. Used for three purposes:–
- Religious purposes
- Cooling the premises
- Decorative purposes.
11. Charbagh style of garden.
12. Pietra dura technique.
13. Foreshortening technique– inscriptions appear to be closer than it really is.

Question 199

What is Arabesque method?

Answer 199

• It is a method used for decoration in temple architecture (Indo Islamic).
• Arabesque meant the use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation and was characterised by a continuous stem which split, regularly, producing a series of counterpoised, leafy, secondary, stems.
• The secondary stems, in turn, split again or returned to merge with the main stem creating a decorative pattern.
• Example– Salim Chisti’s tomb (It also has jaali work).

Question 200

Difference between Trabeat and Arcuade style?

Answer 200

1. Entrance:-
   - T– Characterized by the use of lintel
   - A– Characterized by the use of arches and domes.
2. Top:–
   - T– The use of shikhara on top of the temples. They were generally conical or curvilinear.
   - A– The use of domes on top of the mosques. Domes were generally hemispherical.
3. Minars:–
   - T– Minars were absent.
   - A– Minars were present on the four corners of the mosques.
4. Building material:–
   - T– Stone was the primary component of all constructions.
   - A– Brick, lime plaster and mortar started being used for constructions.

Question 201

Architecture during Delhi Sultanate was divided into?

Answer 201

1. Imperial Style– Patronized by the rulers of Delhi. Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq and Lodi dynasties.
2. Provincial Style– Patronized by local rulers and chiefs. Bengal, Malwa, Jaunpur and Bijapur schools.

Question 202

Temple architecture during Slave dynasty?

Answer 202

1. Most of the constructions were remodellings of the existing Hindu structures.
2. Qutub Minar initiated by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
   Example:– Quwar-ul-Islam mosque in the Qutub Minar Premises, which was converted from a Jain temple, Arhai-din-ka-Jhopra (Ajmer), etc.

Question 203

Qutub Minar is a 5 storey structure built by?

Answer 203

1. Ground floor by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
2. Next three storeys by Iltumish.
3. 5th storey by Feroze Shah Tughlaq.

Question 204

Temple architecture during Khilji dynasty?

Answer 204

1. Established the Seljuk Style of Architecture.
2. Marked use of red sandstone.
3. Prominence of Arcuade style began from this period.
4. Mortar began to be used prominently.
   Example:– Alai Darwaza by Ala-ud-din Khalji, Siri fort, etc.

Question 205

Temple architecture during Tughlaq dynasty?

Answer 205

1. Crisis period for architecture.
2. Use of grey sandstone.
3. Focus was more on strength of the building, less emphasis on decoration.
4. They also introduced a style of construction known as “batter” which was characterised by sloping walls to give more strength to the building.
   Examples: Cities of Tughlaqabaad, Jahaanpanah and Ferozabad.

Question 206

Temple architecture during Lodi dynasty?

Answer 206

1. Architecture took a back seat and only tombs were commissioned.
2. Introduction of double domes. It consisted of a hollow dome inside the top dome.
   Reasons for use of double domes
   - To give strength to the structure.
   - To lower the inner height of dome.
3. Tombs were hard and bare, without any lavish decorations.
4. They were built in octagonal shapes, with a diameter of roughly 15 metres. They were supported by a sloping verandah.
   Example:– Lodi gardens, the city of Agra was established by Sikander Lodi, etc.

Question 207

Indo Islamic style started to influence the local architectural styles.
Features of Bengal School of Architecture?

Answer 207

1. Use of Bricks and Black marble.
2. Continued the use of ‘Bangla roofs’.
   Example:– Qadam Rasul mosque in Gaur (West Bengal), Adina mosque in Pandua, etc.

Question 208

Indo Islamic style started to influence the local architectural styles.
Features of Malwa school of architecture?

Answer 208

1. Use of different coloured stones and marbles.
2. Had large windows, which could be as result of European influence
3. Decorated by stylised use of arches and pillars.
4. Minars were not used.
5. Pavilion lightly arched.
6. Artificial reservoirs– Baulis.
7. Batter system (By Tughlaqs) used.
   Example Rani Roopmati Pavilion, Jahaz Mahal, Ashrafi Mahal etc.

Question 209

Why Malwa school is considered as one of the finest specimens of environmental adaptations of the period?

Answer 209

1. Use of large windows made the building rooms well ventilated.
2. The pavilions were lightly arched which made them airy and allowed the buildings to remain cool in the heat.
3. Artificial reservoirs known as ‘baulis’ were constructed in the premises for storage of water.
4. Locally available materials were used.
5. The use of batter system introduced by the Tughlaqs made the buildings strong.
   Example:– Rani Roopmati pavilion, Jahaz Mahal, Ashrafi Mahal etc.

Question 210

Indo Islamic style started to influence the local architectural styles.
Features of Jaunpur school of architecture?

Answer 210

1. Patronized by the Sharqi rulers, came to be known as Sharqi style.
2. Avoided the use of minars, as the Pathan style.
3. A unique feature of the buildings here is the use of bold and forceful characters painted on huge screens in the centre and side bays of the prayer hall.
   Example:– Atala Mosque, Jaunpur etc.

Question 211

The Malwa school of architecture is also known as the_____.

Answer 211

Pathan School of Architecture.

Question 212

Indo Islamic style started to influence the local architectural styles.
Features of Bijapur school of architecture?

Answer 212

1. Developed under the patronage of Adil Shah. Also known as the Deccan style of architecture.
2. Use of 3 arched facade and bulbous dome, which were almost spherical and with a narrow neck.
3. Introduction of the use of cornices.
4. A special feature was the treatment of its ceilings, which were without any apparent support, Iron clamps and a strong plaster of mortar were used to give strength to the buildings.
5. The walls were decorated by rich carvings.
   Example:– Gol Gumbaj, the mausoleum of Adil Shah, in Bijapur.

Question 213

Temple architecture under Babur?

Answer 213

1. He undertook the construction of mosques in Panipat and Rohilkhand, both in 1526 A.D.
2. His reign was short lived to inspire any new style or technique.

Question 214

Temple architecture under Humayun?

Answer 214

Constant struggle with Sher Shah Suri so he couldn’t focus much on art and architecture.
1. He led the foundation of a city named Dinpanah, but couldn’t finish it.
2. Persian style became prominent in the architecture of this period.
3. Pishtaq, Hasht bihisht.

Question 215

Architecture under Sher Shah Suri?

Answer 215

1. He built the Qila-e-Quhunah (Mosque of the Old Fort) mosque in Delhi.
2. He built the famous Rohtas Fort in Pakistan.
3. He constructed the Sher Shah Suri Masjid in Patna in Afghan style to mark his reign.
4. His period is a transition from Lodhi style to Mughal style of architecture.
5. He also undertook the reconstruction and extension of an old Mauryan route and renamed it as Sadak-e-Azam (Great Road) which was later called as Grand Trunk Road.
6. He ensured adequate presence of sarais and trees for travellers.
7. Sher Shah Suri’s tomb was built at his birth place Sasaram.

Question 216

Art and architecture under Akbar?

Answer 216

After Akbar ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1556, the golden period of Mughal art and architecture started.
1. Use of red sandstone was the principal feature of construction during Akbar’s reign.
2. He introduced the use of ‘Tudor arch’ (four centred arch).
Example Agra fort, Fatepur Sikri, Temple of Govind Dev in Vrindavan.

Question 217

Prominent buildings inside Agra Fort?

Answer 217

• Agra Fort was one of the first constructions started during the reign of Akbar. However, most of the structures present inside the fort were done during the reign of Shah Jahan. Some prominent buildings here are:–
  1. Moti Masjid, made by Shah Jahan.
  2. Diwan-i-aam (Hall of Public audience) by Shah Jahan.
  3. Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private audience) by Shah Jahan.
  4. Jahangir Mahal.
  5. Sheesh Mahal (Turkish Bath).
• The gardens inside the fort are built using the Charbagh style. During the reign of Akbar, more than 5000 women stayed in his harem inside this fort.

Question 218

One of the highlights of the Indo-Islamic architecture was the creation of a new capital city by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri. Why it has been described as a “frozen moment in history”?

Answer 218

Because the buildings here represent a unique blend of Hindu and Persian styles.
1. Buland Darwaza– 40 metre sandstone structure, built in 1576 AD, to commemorate Akbar’s victory over Gujarat. It is the largest gateway of the world.
2. Salim Chisti’s tomb– built in 1581 AD. Has beautiful Jaali work in white marble. Has Arabesque patterns with inscriptions of Quranic verses. It was further decorated by Jahangir in 1606 AD.
3. Panch Mahal– inspired by the concept of Persian badgir (wind catcher).
4. Jodha Bai’s palace or Mariam-uz-Zamani’s palace (Mary of the age)– has beautiful motifs with Hindu motifs of bell and flowers.
5. Ibadat Khana– to meet the leaders of different religions for discussion.
6. Pachisi Court– Akbar is said to have played chess.
7. Hiran Minar– built in memory of Akbar’s favourite elephant, named Hiran. It also served as the lighthouse for travellers. Its exterior walls contains tusk like spikes.

Question 219

Art and architecture under Jahangir?

Answer 219

1. He focused more on paintings.
2. He oversaw the construction of Akbar’s tomb in Sikandra.
3. He built his own tomb at Lahore.
4. Developed a number of gardens during his reign, e.g. the Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir.
5. He built the Moti Masjid at Lahore.
6. It was during his time that white marble became the chief building material, replacing red sandstone. The tomb of Itmad-ud-daulah was the first Mughal work made completely of white marble. It also has some of the finest pietra-dura works.
7. His wife Noor Jahan also undertook some major construction projects, the tomb of Itmad-ud-daulah, father of the chief building material, replacing red sandstone.

Question 220

Art and architecture under Shah Jahan?

Answer 220

1. Unde him, Mughal architecture reached its climax.
2. He constructed Taj Mahal in the memory of Arzuman Bano Bagum or Mumtaz Mahal. It had all the features of Mughal architecture including the use of calligraphy, pietra dura works, foresightening technique, Charbagh style gardens and the use of water in the premises for decoration, jaali works, low relief carvings on the marble.
3. He also constructed:–
   - Red fort in Delhi
   - Jama Masjid in Delhi
   - Shalimar Bagh in Lahore
   - City of Shahjahanabad.
4. Construction of Peacock Throne is one of the finest examples of metal work in this period.

Question 221

Art and architecture under Aurangzeb?

Answer 221

Mughal architecture declined.

Question 222

Art and architecture under Muhammad Azam Shah?

Answer 222

1. He was the last of the Mughals to undertake architectural constructions.
2. He built Biwi-ka-Maqbara in memory of his mother Begum Rabia Durani, wife of Aurangzeb. It is situated in Aurangabad and has been described as a poor imitation of Taj Mahal.
3. He also built Zinat Mahal in Delhi in memory of his wife.
4. During the Mughal period, two other styles of architecture developed in the region of Rajasthan and Punjab.

Question 223

Features of Sikh style Architecture?

Answer 223

It was heavily influenced by the Mughal style of architecture.
1. Use of multiple Chhatris or kiosks on the top of construction.
2. Use of shallow cornices.
3. The buildings had fluted domes, which were generally covered by brass and copper guilds for decoration and support.
4. The arches were decorated by the use of numerous foliations.
Example:– Shri Harmandir Sahib or Golden temple. It was initiated in 1585 and completed by Arjan Dev in 1604.

Question 224

Features of Rajput style of architecture?

Answer 224

Influenced by the Mughal style.
1. They introduced the concept of Hanging balcony.
2. The cornices were built in the shape of an arch such that the shadow took the shape of a bow.
Example:– Hawa Mahal, Jaipur with hanging balconies.

Question 225

Temple making in Kashmir reached a great height under the rulers of?

Answer 225

Karkota dynasty and Utpala dynasty.

Question 226

Main feature of Kashmir style of architecture?

Answer 226

No major monuments that were made prior to 600 AD exist, except few Buddhist monuments like monastery and stupas, now in ruins, were discovered at Harwan and Ushakar.
1. Trefoil arches (Gandhara influence).
2. Cellular layout and Enclosed courtyard.
3. Straight edged Pyramidal roof.
4. Coloumn walls (Greek influence).
5. Triangular pediments (Greek influence).
6. Relatively more number of steps.
Examples:– Martand Sun temple, Temples at Awantipora, Pandrethan Temple, etc.

Question 227

Identify the temple?
- It is located in Anantnag, Kashmir and was built in 8th century AD under the aegis of Karkota Dynasty ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida.
- It is considered to be a synthesis of various schools of architecture.
There are Gandhara, Chinese and Gupta influences on the monuments.
- The complex is in a shape of courtyard, surrounded by columns.
- The main temple has a pyramidal top and carvings of gods like Vishnu, river goddess Ganga and Yamuna, and Sun God.

Answer 227

Martand Sun Temple, Kashmir.

Question 228

Identify the temple?
- There are two temples namely Avantisvamin for Lord Vishnu and Avantisvara dedicated to Lord Shiva.
- It was built by the king Awantivarman, the first king of Utpala dynasty, in 9th century AD.
- The temple is inside a paved courtyard and has four shrines in its four corners.
- The gateway has two chambers and is carved out eloquently. Roman and Gandharan influence is clearly seen.

Answer 228

Temple at Awantipora, Kashmir.

Question 229

Identify the temple?
- It is also called Meru Vardha Swami and is dedicated to Vishnu, but Shiva images are also there.
- It was carved out of a single block of stone and has exquisite carvings on its walls.
- It was made in early 10th century AD and is located near Srinagar. It has domed roof and arches.

Answer 229

Pandrethan Temple, Kashmir.

Question 230

Identify the temple?
- It is located in Pahalgam and was built in around 400 AD.
- It finds mention in the classic Sanskrit text Rajatarangini.

Answer 230

Mamleshwara Shiva temple.

Question 231

Identify the temple?
- It was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida who made Parishaspura his capital.
- It has temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Lord Parihaskesana. It also had few Buddhist monastries.

Answer 231

Monuments in Paraspore.

Question 232

Architectural development in Kashmir under Islamic rule?

Answer 232

1. Led to blend of existing Kashmiri style and Islamic sensibilities.
2. The monuments were mostly square in shape.
3. The mosques were made of wood, brick and stone masonry.
4. There is absence of cloisters and domes, instead multi levelled sloping roofs and tall spires are seen.

Question 233

Identify the mosque?
- The iconic mosque was constructed in 14h century.
- It has a large courtyard and has 370 wooden pillars.
- Curved dome is notably absent following the Kashmiri style of architecture.

Answer 233

Jama Masjid, Srinagar.

Question 234

Identity?
- It was built in 15th century by Shahmiri king, Sultan Hassan Shah.
- It is one of the largest mosque is Kashmir valley.
- Absence of dome is seen in this monument made of timber and stone the building has a pyramidal top with arch shaped windows.

Answer 234

Aali Masjid, Srinagar.

Question 235

Identify?
- It was made by the Mughal prince Dara Shikoh in mid-17th century.
- It also had an observatory. It is marvellous terraced structure situated on a hill, overlooking Dal Lake.
- It is near Chasm-e-Shahi garden.
Other important monuments are Madin Sahib Mosque, Dastagir Sahib, Mosque of Naqshband Sahib, Khanaqa of Shah-Hamadan, Tomb of mother of Zain-ul-Abidin, etc.

Answer 235

Pari Mahal.

Question 236

Gardens in Kashmir by Mughals?

Answer 236

• Chasm-e-Shahi, built around a fresh spring in Persian style.
• Shalimar Bagh, made by Jahangir in 1619 AD. It was the royal residence of Emperor Jahangir during summer months. It has three terraces namely Diwan-e Aam, Diwan- e-Khas and Zenana garden.
• Nishat Bagh, the 2nd largest mughal garden in the valley. It is near Dal Lake and has 12 terraces.
• Badamwari Garden in Srinagar.
• Verinag, Kokernag and Achabal Garden in Anantnag.

Question 237

Temples of Parsi community in India?

Answer 237

There are three major types of fire temples of the Parsi faith.
1. Atash Behram, (“Fire of Victory”)
2. Adarian
3. Atash Dadgah or Dar-e-Mehr.
There are eight Atash Behrams in India and more than 100 Dadgahs, mostly located in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Question 238

Features of Atash Behram?

Answer 238

1. The exterior is generally kept simple because the idea is to hold a sacred fire and Yasna ceremony (prayers) rather than glorification of the faith.
2. It has an inner sanctum where fire is kept.
3. The structure have vents for the smoke to escape.
4. The performance of ceremony is considered to be of the highest order and involves elaborate arrangements.
5. They are performed by the high priests called Dasturs.

Question 239

Eight Atash Behrams (Fire Temples) in India are?

Answer 239

• Iranshah Atash Behram, Udvada (Gujarat), built in 8th century.
• Desai Atash Behram in Navsari (Gujarat), built in 18th century.
• Dadiseth, Wadia, Banaji and Anjuman Atash Behram in Mumbai.
• Modi and Vakil Atash Behram in Surat.

Question 240

Enumerate the sun temples of India?

Answer 240

1. Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat.
2. Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.
3. Brahmanya Dev Temple, Unao (Madhya Pradesh).
4. Suryanaar Kovil, Kumbakonam (Tamil Nadu).
5. Suryanarayan Swamy Temple, Arasavalli (Andhra Pradesh).
6. Dakshinaarka Temple, Gaya (Bihar).
7. Navalakha Temple, Ghumli (Gujarat).
8. Surya Pahar Temple, Goalpara (Assam).
9. Martand Sun Temple, Kashmir.

Question 241

Identify temple?
- Made by Narasimhadeva 1, the Eastern Ganga King in 13th century.
- It is in a shape of “Rath” (Chariot) with mandapa on a raised platform.

Answer 241

Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.

Question 242

Identify temple?
- Was built in 11th century in Dravidian style.
- It also has shrines of eight celestial bodies, together called ‘Navagraha’.
- It has beautiful five layered Gopuram.

Answer 242

Suryanaar Kovil, Kumbakonam (Tamil Nadu).

Question 243

Identify temple?
- It is said to be made by a Kalinga king in 7th century.
- The idol is made of granite and holds a lotus.

Answer 243

Suryanarayana Swamy temple, Arasavalli (Andhra Pradesh).

Question 244

Identify temple?
- It is said to be built by King Prataparudra of Warangal in 13th century AD.
- The deity is made in granite and the idol wears a Persian attire like waist girdle, boots and a jacket.
- It has a Surya Kund (water reservoir) nearby.

Answer 244

Dakshinaarka Temple, Gaya (Bihar).

Question 245

Identify temple?
- It was made in 11th century.
- It is built in Solanki and Maru Gurjara style.
- It faces east and is built on a large platform.

Answer 245

Navalakha Temple, Ghumli (Gujarat).

Question 246

Features of Architecture under Portuguese influence?

Answer 246

1. Portuguese brought with them the Iberian style of architecture.
2. They introduced the concept of ‘patio houses’ and ‘Baroque style’ to express the strength of the Church.
3. It had elaborate, detailed and theatrical design to create a dramatic effect. It involved use of contrasting colours.
   Examples:– Sé Cathedral in Goa, Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa, Castella de Aguanda in Mumbai.

Question 247

Identify Church?
- Was completed in 1619 AD.
- It has been built in the Portuguese late Gothic style.
- It has a large bell called “Golden Bell”.

Answer 247

Sé Cathedral in Goa.

Question 248

Identify Church?
- It is a World Heritage Site built in Baroque style and was completed in 1604 AD.
- It has the body of revered St Francis Xavier.

Answer 248

Basilica of Bom Jesus (Holy Jesus).

Question 249

Features of Architecture under French influence?

Answer 249

1. French brought the concept of urban city planning.
2. The French towns of Pondicherry and Chandernagore (now Chandannagar, West Bengal) were built using the Cartesian grid plans.
3. They also introduced the concept of anonymous architecture which involves simple facade without much ornamentation or design, much like modern buildings.
4. French also developed coastal towns of Mahe (Kerela), Karaikal (Tamil Nadu) and Yanam (Andhra Pradesh).
   Example:– Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus in Puducherry, the Sacred Heart Church of Chandannagar.

Question 250

Architecture under British influence?

Answer 250

• The British brought with them the Gothic style of architecture.
• It merged with the Indian architecture and resulted in the Indo-Gothic style of architecture.
• Post-1911, a new style of architecture known as the Neo‐Roman architecture emerged.

Question 251

Features of Indo Gothic style under British?

Answer 251

Also known as the Victorian style, it was unique blend of Indian, Persian and Gothic styles of architecture.
1. Constructions were extremely large and elaborate.
2. Walls were thinner than in Indo-Islamic constructions.
3. The arches were pointed.
4. Use of large windows (unique feature).
5. The churches had a crucified ground plan.
6. It adhered to advanced structural engineering standards of Britain. Steel, iron and poured concrete started being used.
Example:– Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, Gateway is India in Mumbai, etc.

Question 252

Difference between Iberian and Gothic architecture?

Answer 252

1. Material used:–
   - I– Brick main material. Wood used for roofs and stairs.
   - G– Red sandstone and coarse limestone were primarily used.
2. Structural variations:–
   - I– Portuguese continued with their western traditions and did not introduce any structural variations.
   - G– The British adopted Indian motifs and styles, giving rise to the Indo-Gothic style of architecture.

Question 253

Features of Neo Roman style?

Answer 253

Post 1911 constructions undertaken by British Raj were done according to Neo Roman style or Neo Classical style. The architecture of New Delhi, done by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker was the finest example of this style. It has often been described as the “Rome of Hindustan”.
1. Constructions were anonymous and without any interesting features.
2. It was a confluence of all styles of architecture which made the style congested and cramped the space of artistic expression.
3. Simplicity, modernity and utility were highly compromised due to the hybrid nature of the constructions.
4. There was a focus on circular buildings.
5. There was an overuse of oriental motifs to realise western architectural designs.
6. The concept of upturned dome as can be seen in the top of Supreme Court and Rashtrapati Bhavan, was introduced during this phase.

Question 254

Post Independence Architecture?

Answer 254

• After 1947, two schools of architecture emerged– the Revivalist and the Modernist.
• However, both the schools could not break away from the colonial hangover.
• This has caused a decline in the standard of the architectural traditions of India.
  Example:– the Punjab Government hired Le Corbusier, a French architect to design the city of Chandigarh.

Question 255

Features of Architecture by Laurie Baker?

Answer 255

• Known as the “Architect of the poor”.
• He revolutionized mass housing concept in Kerela.
• In 2006, he was nominated for Pritzker Prize dubbed as Nobel Prize for architecture.
  1. Construction of environment friendly buildings by using locally available material.
  2. Introduced the concept of filler slab construction to reduce the consumption of steel and cement.
  3. He also laid emphasis on ventilation and thermal comfort arrangements.

Question 256

Architecture by Charles Correa?

Answer 256

1. He is known for his work in urban architecture and spatial planning.
2. He adopted modern architectural principles to local sensibilities and need.
3. He has designed buildings like Madhya Pradesh Assembly building, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Museum in Ahmedabad, LIC building, Connaught Place in Delhi, etc.
4. He was awarded Padma Vibhusan in 2006.

Question 257

1. Ibadat Khana at Fatepur Sikri is a place where Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions.
2. It was originally built as a debating house open only to sunni muslims.
   True/false?

Answer 257

1. True
2. True.

Question 258

Who are Dasturs?

Answer 258

Ceremonies in Atash Behram (fire temples of Parsi faith) are performed by the high priests called Dasturs.