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INDIAN ART AND CULTURE > FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF INDIA > Flashcards

FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF INDIA Flashcards

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1
Q

The day before the Diwali is called?

A

Naraka Chaturdadi. This marks the win of Lord Krishna over the demon Naraka.

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2
Q

What is Kojagiri and Chhabina?

A
  • 15 days before Diwali on Sharad Purnima people drink saffron coloured milk during the moonlight night and this ritual is called Kojagiri.
  • The idol of the Goddess is taken around the premises of the temple in a torch lit procession called Chhabina.
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3
Q

Lathmar Holi and it’s different names?

A
  • In Vrindavan and Mathura, Lathmar Holi is celebrated in which the women of the families come out and beat their men with sticks.
  • It is called Rangapanchami in many parts of rural Maharashtra.
  • In West Bengal and parts of Assam it is called Basant Utsav or Dhol Jatra.
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4
Q

Name of Rath and name of God in Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath?

A
  1. Nandighosha– Lord Jagannath
  2. Taladhwaja– Shree Balabhadra
  3. Devadalana– Devi Subhadra.
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5
Q

Return journey of Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath is called?

A

Bahuda Yatra and it commences on the ninth day or the Asadha Sukla Dasami.

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6
Q

Chhath festival is celebrated in?

A

Bihar.

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7
Q

Which festival is known as the Night of Emancipation?

A

Shab-e-Barat.

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8
Q

Which festival is known as the night of Ascent?

A

Shab-e-Miraj.

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9
Q

Why is Maghi celebrated?

A

It is celebrated in Muktsar in the memory of forty Sikh martyrs (Chalis Mukte) who fought with the Mughals.

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10
Q

Hola Mohalla is also known as?

A

Sikh Olympics.

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11
Q

Sodal Mela is celebrated in which state?

A

Punjab, in Jalandhar.

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12
Q

The annual festival of Jains is called?

A

Paryushana. It is celebrated for eight days in the month of Bhadrapada by the Svetambra sect. The Digambara sect celebrates the festival for ten days.

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13
Q
  1. Paryushana festivities include the ritual visit to the temples or the______ and listening to the discourses on the Kalpa Sutra.
  2. Devotees are asked to perform the______ or the meditation kriya.
  3. The festival ends with the celebration of _________ (forgiveness day).
  4. Forgiveness is asked by saying ________.
A
  1. Upashrayas
  2. Pratikraman
  3. Kshamavami
  4. Micchami Dukkadam.
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14
Q

Mahamastakabhisheka is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Held once in twelve years in the town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
The festival is the holy bath ceremony of 57 ft high statue of Siddha Bahubali, son of Rishabhdev.

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15
Q

The fifth day of Kartika is known as?

A

Gyana Panchami.

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16
Q

Festival Varshi Tapa or Akshay Tritya Tapa is associated with whom?

A

Related to first Tirthankara Rishabhdeva who went for a fasting of 13 months and 13 days continuously.
People who perform this fasting are known as Varshi Tapa.

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17
Q

What is Maun Agiyara?

A

Jain festival, on this day, complete silence is observed and fasting is kept. Meditation is also performed.

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18
Q

What is Navapad Oli?

A

Nine fay Oli is a period of fasting. Jains take only one meal a day of very plain food.

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19
Q

Buddha Purnima is also called?

A

Saga Dawa (Dasa) in Sikkim and Vishakha Puja in the Theravada tradition.

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20
Q

Difference in celebration of Buddha Purnima between Mahayana Buddhists and Theravada Buddhists?

A
  • Mahayana Buddhists organize a large procession with gyalings and rabdungs. They also read Kangyur texts.
  • The Theravada Buddhists only concentrate on offering ceremonial prayers to the idols of Buddha.
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21
Q

Songkran festival?

A

This Buddhist festival is observed as like a spring cleaning and people clean their houses.

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22
Q

Ploughing festival in Buddhism?

A

This is celebrated on the Buddha’s first moment of enlightenment when he was 7 years old and he went with his father to watch ploughing.

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23
Q

Ulambana festival?

A

Buddhist festival celebrated from the first to the fifteenth days of the eighth lunar month. It is believed that the gates of Hell are opened on the first day and the ghosts may visit the world for fifteen days.
Ulambama or Ancestor Day.

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24
Q

Hemis Gompa Festival?

A

The festival is held at the Hemis Gompa Monastery in Ladakh to celebrate the birth anniversary of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhave). In order to protect his people, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism, Guru Padmanasambhava fought the evil forces and this festival celebrates the victory of good over evil. The main attraction of the festival is the maskdance performed by the Lamas.

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25
Q

Losar festival is celebrated in?

A

Arunachal Pradesh by tribes who believe in the Mahayana Buddhism.
Tibetan new year.

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26
Q

Sindhi festivals are?

A

Chaliho Sahib and Cheti Chand.

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27
Q

Jamshedi Navroz is a festival of which religion?

A

Parsi (Zoroastrians).

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28
Q

Zarhthost No Deeso, Khordad Sal and Pateti are festivals of?

A

Parsis.

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29
Q

Gangaur Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan.

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30
Q

Khajuraho Dance Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Madhya Pradesh.

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31
Q

Ugadi or Chaitra Shudhdha Paadyami Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

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32
Q

Gudi Pahwa or Gudi Pava Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Maharashtra.

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33
Q

Samvatsar Padvo Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Goa.

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34
Q

Naba Barhsa (Poila Boisalh) Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of West Bengal.

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35
Q

Puthandu Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Tamil Nadu.

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36
Q

Vishu Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Kerala.

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37
Q

Teej Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

38
Q

Sair-e-Gulfaroshan Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Old Delhi. The festival owes its origin to Queen Mumtaz Mahal who was the wife of Mughal emperor Albarshah 2. It was banned by the British but reinstated in 1962.

39
Q

Tyagaraja Aradhana Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Tamil Nadu.

40
Q

Onam Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Harvest festival of Kerala. A prominent feature is Vallamkali (the Snake Boat race) is held in Punnamada Lake.
Traditional games, known as Onakanikal also forms a part of this.

41
Q

Pongal Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Harvest festival of Tamil Nadu.

42
Q

Sarhul Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New year for the tribals (Mundas, Oraon and Ho tribes) of Jharkhand.

43
Q

Saga Deva Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Sikkim.

44
Q

Lasoong Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Sikkim New year. The unique point is that people drink the locally brewed wine called Chaang. Traditional dances like Cham Dance and the Black Hat Dance.

45
Q

Bihu Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Assamese New Year.
Assamese celebrate Bihu thrice in a year. The three Bihus are
Bohag or Rongali Bihu
Kati or Kongali Bihu
Maagh or Bhogali Bihu.

46
Q

What is Gora Bihu?

A

On the first day of Bihu (Assam) festival, cows and bulls that are the main stay of the community are bathed and fed. This ceremony is called the ‘Gora Bihu’.

47
Q

Gamosa (a hand women cotton towel) is exchanged in which festival?

A

Bihu (Assam). People also prepare Pitha a traditional dish of rice powder, flour, sesame, coconut and jaggery.

48
Q

Hornbill Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Agricultural festival of Nagaland. All the major Naga tribes attend this festival and congregate at the Kisama Heritage Village. There are interesting events like the pork eating and King Chilli eating competitions.

49
Q

Kharchi Puja Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Tripura.

50
Q

Cheiraoba Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

New Year of Manipur. The festival is related to the domestic deity called Sanamahi. A peculiar tradition attached to the Cheiraoba festival is that on this day, people select a person to be the ‘Chahitaba’ who is responsible for the sins of the people for the entire year. The Maiba community selects him after consulting the horoscope. Another unique ritual attached to this festival is that most people climb on the nearest hill on this day as they believe it will help them reach greater heights in their wordly life.

51
Q

Wangala Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Garo tribe, Meghalaya. Celebrated in honour of Misi Saljong a local deity.
One day before the festival, the village chief who is also known as the “Nokma” performs several rituals. Also known as the ‘100 Drum Wangala festival’.

52
Q

Kang Chingba Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Manipur. It is similar to the Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra. The idols carved of wood and heavily decorated are carted around in massive chariots that are called Kang.

53
Q

Ambubachi Mela Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A
  • Held in Kamakhya temple in Guwahati in the state of Assam.
  • Dubbed as the Mahakumbh of the East.
  • Associated with the fertility rituals.
  • Tantric activities are conducted during this mela.
  • During the festival, the patron Goddess Kamakhya is said to be undergoing her annual menstrual cycle. Hence, the temple remain closed for three days as it is considered unclean.
54
Q

Sekrenyi Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A
  • Angami tribe of Nagaland. Also called ‘Phousanyi’ by the Angamis.
55
Q

What is Dzuseva?

A
  • In Sekrenyi Festival of Nagaland the well is cleaned one day before the ceremony begins and the youth of the village guard the well so that no one takes water from it. On the first day, all the men of the village irrespective of their age bathe in the village well. This ritual is called the ‘Dzuseva.
  • After they come home from the bathing ceremony, a cock is strangled to death with bare hands. This death is considered to ward off evil spirits.
  • Further, if the right leg of the cock falls first, it is supposed to bring good luck.
  • The dead bird is then hung outside the house and the elders of the village come to inspect it.
  • The fourth day onwards the session of singing and feasting begins and carries on for the next three days.
56
Q

Majuli Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Assam.

57
Q

Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Nagaland.

58
Q

Dree Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A
  • The Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • During the festival, people offer prayers and offerings to four main Gods: Tamu, Metti, Danyi and Harniang.
  • Most unique point is cucumber is distributed to all the attendees as a symbol of food harvest.
59
Q

Sonepur Mela is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Cattle fair of Bihar. Chandragupta Maurya used to buy elephants and horse during this fair.

60
Q

Chitra Vichitra Fair is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Gujarat by Gharasia and Bhil tribes.

61
Q

Shamlaji Fair is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Gujarat by Bhil tribes to revere Lord Shamlaji “the Dark Divine”. Bhils also call Shamlaji as Kaliyo Dev.

62
Q

Pushkar Fair is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

An annual fair in Rajasthan.

63
Q

Desert Festival is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Jaisalmer.

64
Q

Kolayat Fair (Kapil Muni Fair) is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Bikaner, Rajasthan.

65
Q

Surajkund Crafts Fair is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

Haryana.

66
Q

Gangasagar Mela is celebrated in which Indian state?

A

West Bengal.

67
Q

Who introduced the Goa Carnival in India?

A

Portuguese.

68
Q

Kumbh Mela is celebrated in which Indian state?

A
  1. Allahabad (UP) at the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati.
  2. Haridwar (Uttarakhand) Ganga
  3. Nashik Trimbak (Maharashtra) Godavari
  4. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) Shipra.
69
Q

Mythology behind Kumbh Mela?

A

According to Hindu mythology, during the ‘ Samudra Manthan’ i.e. churning of the ocean, ‘Amrit i.e. drink of immortality was produced and stored in a Kumbh’ (pot). In the battle of the Devas and the Asuras, Lord Vishnu dropped drops of Amrit while transporting the Kumbh. These places are the four sites where the Kumbh Mela is held.

70
Q

Kumbh Mela is held after how many years and what is Simhastha Kumbh?

A

The mela is held once in three years at different places and at any given place after a time interval of twelve years. The exact dates are determined according to the zodiac positions of the Sun, Moon and the planet Jupiter. At Nashik and Ujjain if the mela is held when a planet is in Leo (Simha in Hindu astrology), it is called as Simhastha Kumbh.

71
Q

Maha Kumbh takes place after how many years?

A

At Haridwar and Allahabad, Ardh Kumbh Mela is held every sixth year and a Maha kumbh takes place once in 144 years.

72
Q

Maagh Kumbh is celebrated after how many years?

A

Every year in the month of Maagh (Jan-Feb) in Allahabad.

73
Q

Ashtadhyayi about coins?

A

Panini’s Ashtadhyayi cites that in punch marked coins, the metallic pieces were stamped with symbols. Each unit was called ‘Ratti’ weighing 0.11 gram.

74
Q

Punch Marked coins issued by various Mahajanapadas (around 6th century BC) were?

A

The first Indian punch marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana were minted in the 6th century BC by the various Janapadas and Mahajanapadas of the Indo Gangetic Plain.

75
Q

Features of Punch Marked coins issued by various Mahajanapadas (around 6th century BC)?

A
  • They had irregular shapes, standard weight and were made up of silver with different markings like:-
  • Saurashtra had a humped bull
  • Dakshin Panchala had a swastika
  • Magadha had generally five symbols.
  • They are mentioned in the Manusmriti and Buddhist Jatakas.
76
Q

Punch Marked coins during Mauryan Period?

A

Chanakya mentioned these coins in his Arthashastra.
- Rupyarupa (silver)
- Suvarnarupa (gold)
- Tamrarupa (copper)
- Sisarupa (lead)

77
Q

Symbols used on punch marked coins of Mauryas?

A
  • Sun and six armed wheel most consistent.
  • Elephant also used.
  • Coin contained an average of 50-54 grains of silver and 32 rattis in weight and termed as Karshapanas.
78
Q

Language on the coins of the Greek Kings in India?

A

Greek on front side and Pali language (in Kharosthi script) on other side.

79
Q

Gods and goddesses commonly shown on the Indo Greek coins?

A
  1. Greek Gods on initial coins:– Zeus, Hercules, Apollo and Pallas Athene.
  2. Later coins used images of Indian deities as well.
80
Q

Why are Indo Greek coins significant?

A

Because they carried detailed information about the issuing monarch, the year of issue and sometimes an image of the reigning king.

81
Q

Indo Greek coins were mainly made of?

A

Silver, copper, nickel and lead.

82
Q

Who introduced the Greek custom of engraving portrait heads on the coins?

A

Indo Greek Kushan Kings.

83
Q

Feature of the Kushan coins?

A

Kushan coins were adorned with helmeted bust of the King on one side, and the king’s favourite deity on the reverse. The coins issued by Kanishka employed only Greek characters.

84
Q

Material used by Satavahanas to make coins?

A
  • Lead– most used.
  • Potin (an alloy of silver and copper)– next to lead.
  • Silver– rarely used.
85
Q

Ujjain Symbol is found on coins of which dynasty?

A

Satavahana.

86
Q

Dialect used on Satavahana coins?

A

Prakrit.

87
Q

Features of Satavahana coins?

A
  • Devoid of any beauty or artistic merit.
  • On one side was the figure of an elephant, horse, lion or Chaitya. The other side showed the Ujjain symbol– a cross with four circles at the end of the two crossing lines.
88
Q

Features of coins of the Indo Scythians or the Western Satraps?

A
  • They bear dates in the Saka era.
  • Have head of the king on one side and on the other side, they carry the device of the Buddhist chaitya or stupa evidently borrowed from Satavahanas.
  • Language Prakrit.
89
Q

Coins material during Gupta age?

A
  • Mainly made of gold, although they issued silver and copper coins too.
  • Silver coins were issued only after Chandragupta 2 overthrew the Western Satraps.
90
Q

Features of Gupta coins?

A

On one side, we find the king standing and making oblations before an altar, playing the veena, performing ashvamedha. Other side is the goddess Lakshmi seated on a throne or a lotus seal, or the figure of the queen herself.
Gupta rulers issued coins depicting the emperors not only in martial activities like hunting lions/tigers, posing with weapons, etc., but also in leisurely activities like playing a Veena, with reverse side of the coin having images of goddess Lakshmi, Durga, Ganga, Garuda and Kartikeya.

91
Q

Language used on coins of Guptas?

A

The inscriptions on the coins were all in Sanskrit (Brahmi script) for the first time in the history of coins.

INDIAN ART AND CULTURE (24 decks)

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