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INDIAN MUSIC Flashcards

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1
Q

Who introduced the art of Music to earth?

A

Narada Muni (sage). He also taught the inhabitants about the sound that pervades the whole universe Naada Brahma.

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2
Q

Musical instruments recovered from the sites of Indus Valley Civilization?

A

Seven holed flute and Ravanahatha.

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3
Q

All the seven notes of the raga ________ can be found in the descending order in the Sama Veda.

A

Kharaharapriya.

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4
Q

The science of music called the ______ is an Upveda of the Sama Veda.

A

Gandharva Veda.

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5
Q

The parts of instrument Veena are mentioned in _______.

A

Aitareya Aranyaka.

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6
Q

Jaimini Brahmana and Kausitaki Brahmana role in dance and music?

A
  • Jaimini Brahmana speaks collectively of dance and music.
  • The Kausitaki Brahmana puts dance, vocal and instrumental music together as an art.
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7
Q

_______ in 500 BCE made the first proper reference to the art of making music but the first reference to musical theory was discussed in _______.

A

Panini, Bharata’s Natyashastra.

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8
Q

Ritualistic music was displayed in the later Vedic period through a type of music called Sangama.
Even the epics were set to narrative type of music called the _______.

A

Jatigam.

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9
Q

The first work that clarified and elaborated on the subject of musicology was?

A

Bharata’s Natyashastra.

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10
Q

22 keys in Bharat’s Natyashastra are known as?

A

Shrutis or srutis.

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11
Q

Sangeet Ratnakara was written by?

A

Sarangadeva.

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12
Q

Sangeeta Sudhakara was written by?

A

Haripala.

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13
Q

Brihaddeshi (medieval text on musicology) was written by?

A

Matanga in 9th century. It focused on the definition of word raga.

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14
Q

Sangeeta Makaranda was composed by?

A

Nanda in 11th century. He enumerated 93 ragas and classified them into feminine and masculine forms.

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15
Q

Swaramela- Kalanidhi was written by?

A

Ramamatya in 16th century. It deals with ragas.

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16
Q

Chaturdandi Prakasika was written by?

A

Venkatamakhin in 17th century.

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17
Q

Explain the Hermitage system from ancient and medieval India?

A
  • It is also known as Ashram (hermitage system) or Gurkul.
  • In ancient period, the teachers or masters were sages and the students had to live in the hermitage for 12 years and get the knowledge by serving the master.
  • Hermitage was given patronage by the kings and wealthy persons of the society.
  • All students whether a prince or a commoner, were meted out with the same treatment and there was no discrimination.
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18
Q

Three main pillars of Indian classical music are?

A
  1. Raga
  2. Tala
  3. Swara.
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19
Q

Seven swaras together are called?

A

Saptak or Sargam.

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20
Q

Swara meaning?

A

Term is used to define the note or scale degree.

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21
Q

Term Raga meaning?

A

Means to delight or to make happy and satisfy a person.
They form the basis of melody.
A raga is neither a scale nor a mode but it is a scientific, precise, subtle and aesthetic melodic form with its own peculiar ascending and descending movement.

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22
Q

Types of Raga or Raga Bhed?

A
  1. Shuddha Raag– in which if any notes that are absent from the composition are played, its nature and form does not change.
  2. Chhayalag Raag– in which if any notes that are not present in the original composition are played, its nature and form changes.
  3. Sankeerna Raag– in which there is a combination of two ragas.
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23
Q

Every Raga should have 5 basic notes that are?

A
  1. King- is the principal note. This is called the Vaadi and it is used most often in the composition.
  2. Queen- that corresponds as the fourth or fifth note. This second most important note of the raga is called Samvaadi.
  3. All the other notes in the composition apart from the vaadi and samvaadi are called the Anuvaadi.
  4. The notes that are not present in the composition are called Vivadi.
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24
Q

What is Aaroha and Avaroha in music?

A
  • Each note is higher than the preceding note, for example, Sa re ga ma pa dha ni. This ascent is called the Aaroha.
  • The descent is called Avaroha, where each note is lower than the preceding notes. For example, ni dha pa ma ga re sa.
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25
Q

Depending upon the ascent and descent of the notes, the ragas can be divided into three speeds or Laya that are?

A
  1. Vilambit (slow)
  2. Madhya (medium)
  3. Drut (fast).
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26
Q

Define Tala (music)?

A

The rhythmic grouping of beats are called Tala.

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27
Q

Unique point about Tala?

A

It is independent of the music that accompanies it and has its own divisions.

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28
Q

Dadra, kharba and rupak are ragas, swara or Tala?

A

Tala.

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29
Q

Three components of Tala?

A
  1. Laghu
  2. Dhrutam
  3. Anu dhrutam.
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30
Q

Define Rasa (music)?

A

Emotions, which are evoked through the singing and playing of instruments, are called Rasas. The rasas have also been called the aesthetic delight.

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31
Q
  1. Thaat is a system of classification of swaras.
  2. A thaat can only be sung in aaroha as the notes are composed in the ascending order.
  3. A thaat should have seven notes.
  4. Thaat has no emotional quality unlike raga and it is not sung.
    True/false?
A
  1. False, ragas
  2. True
  3. True
  4. True.
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32
Q

Difference between Poorva Bhaag and Uttar Bhaag in Samay (music)?

A
  • From 12AM to 12 PM: this is called the Poorva Bhaag and the ragas sung in this period are called poorva raga.
  • From 12 PM to 12 AM: this is called the Uttar Bhaag and the ragas sung in this time frame are called Uttar raga.
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33
Q
  1. Sthayee/Mukhda– is the second part of the composition.
  2. Antara– is the first part of the composition.
    True/false?
A
  1. False, first part.
  2. False, second part.
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34
Q

Difference between Thaat and Raga?

A
  1. Origin:–
    - T– These are scales which are produced from 12 swar (notes).
    - R– Ragas belong to the genre of thaats.
  2. Number of notes:–
    - T– Thaat must have 7 notes in it.
    - R– Raga must have atleast 5 notes in it.
  3. Types of notes:–
    - T– Thaat only has Aaroha or ascending notes.
    - R– Raga must have Aaroha and Avaroha.
  4. Melody:–
    - T– It is not necessary for thaat to be melodious as they are not sung.
    - R– Ragas are sung and hence they need to be melodius.
  5. Important notes:–
    - T– Thaats don’t have vaadi and samvaadi.
    - R– Ragas have vaadi and samvaadi.
  6. Naming:–
    - T- Thaats are named after the popular ragas.
    - R– Ragas are named after the emotion they evoke.
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35
Q

Classify Indian Music?

A
  1. Classical Music
    - Hindustani Style
    - Carnatic Style
  2. Folk Music
  3. Fusion of Classical and Folk Music
    - Sugam Sangeet
    - Rabindra Sangeet
    - Haveli Sangeet
    - Gana Sangeet
  4. Modern Music
    - Rock Music
    - Pop Music
    - Blue Music
    - Trance Music
    - Jazz Music
    - Psychedelic Music.
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36
Q

Dhrupad reached its zenith in the court of?

A

Akbar.

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37
Q

Musical masters patronised by Akbar?

A
  1. Baba Gopal Das
  2. Swami Haridas
  3. Tansen
  4. Baiju Bawra.
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38
Q

Difference between Khayal and Dhrupad Music?

A
  1. Emphasis:–
    - K– Improvisation and ornamentation.
    - D– Rhythm and melody.
  2. Compositions:–
    - K– Flexible compositions (bandish).
    - D– Fixed compositions (bandish).
  3. Lyrics:‐
    - K– Secondary to Musical expression.
    - D– Emphasized, with clear enunciation.
  4. Tempo:–
    - K– Generally faster and more lively.
    - D– Generally slower and meditative.
  5. Vocal Style:–
    - K– Expressive and ornamented.
    - D– Clear and precise.
  6. Use of instruments:–
    - K– Often accompanied by tabla and/or harmonium.
    - D– Rarely accompanied by instruments.
  7. Performance length:–
    - K– Typically shorter, around 20-30 minutes.
    - D– Typically longer, around 60 minutes or more.
  8. Alap:–
    - K– Most unique feature of Khayal is the use of taan so Alap is given much less room.
    - D–It starts with Alap.
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39
Q

Define Dhrupad?

A

Dhrupad is essentially a poetic form that is incorporated into an extended presentation style that is marked by precise and overt elaboration of a raga. Dhruva literally means unmoving.

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40
Q
  • It is a pure music without distraction of words.
  • It includes use of Sanskrit syllables and is of temple origin.
  • Its compositions usually have 4 to 5 stanzas and are performed by a duo.
  • Generally two male vocalists performs it.
  • Tanpura and Pankhawaj usually accompany them.
    Which Music?
A

Dhrupad.

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41
Q

Divisions of Dhrupad on the basis of the vani or banis?

A
  1. Dagari Gharana
  2. Darbhanga Gharana
  3. Talwandi Gharana
  4. Bettiah Gharana.
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42
Q

Origin of Khayal is attributed to?

A

Amir Khusrau.

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43
Q

Define Gharana system?

A
  • A gharana is a system of social organizations linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.
  • The word gharana comes from the Urdu/Hindi word ghar which means family or house. It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated.
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44
Q

Major Gharanas under Khyal are?

A
  1. Gwalior Gharana
  2. Kirana Gharana
  3. Agra Gharana
  4. Patiala Gharana
  5. Bhendibazaar Gharana.
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45
Q

Who is known as the king of Tarana?

A
  • Worlds fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma of Mewati Gharana.
  • In 2011, the audience at Pandit Motiram Sangeet Samaroh in Hyderabad gave him the title of Tarana Ka Baashah (King of Tarana).
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46
Q
  • It is based on mixed ragas.
  • The compositions are either romantic or devotional in nature.
  • This was inspired by the Bhakti movement.
  • The compositions are usually sung in a female voice.
    Which music?
A

Thumri.

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47
Q

Tappa- its rhythm plays a very important role as the compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of North West India but it gained legitimacy as a semi classical vocal specialty once it was brought to the Mughal court of emperor________.

A

Muhammad Shah.

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48
Q

Parts of Carnatic style of music?

A
  1. Pallavi– first or the second thematic lines of the composition.
    - Often repeated in each stanza.
    - This is considered to be the ‘Piece de Resistance’ where the artist has great scope for improvisation.
  2. Anu Pallavi– Two lines that follow the Pallavi or the first line.
  3. Varnam– usually sung at the beginning of a recital.
    - Has two parts – Purvanga (first half) and Uttaranga (second half).
  4. Ragamalika– concluding part of the performance.
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49
Q
  1. The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of Shudha Swara Saptaka or the Octave of Natural notes.
  2. Swara kalpana is an improvised section (Carnatic music) performed with the drummer in medium and fast paces.
    True/false?
A
  1. True
  2. True.
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50
Q

Carnatic music is usually played with mridangam.
1. The piece of melodic Improvisation in free rhythm with mridangam is called _______.
2. But those pieces which do not have a mridangam are called ______.

A
  1. Thanam
  2. Ragam.
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51
Q

Difference between Hindustani and Carnatic Music?

A
  1. Influence:–
    - H– Arab, Persian and Afghan.
    - C– Indigenous.
  2. Freedom:–
    - H– Scope for artists to improvise. Hence scope for variation.
    - C– No freedom to improvise.
  3. Sub-styles:–
    - H– There are several sub styles which led to emergence of Gharanas.
    - C– Only one particular prescribed style of singing.
  4. Need for Instruments:–
    - H– Instruments equally important as vocals.
    - C– More emphasis on vocal music.
  5. Ragas:–
    - H– 6 major ragas.
    - C– 72 ragas.
  6. Time:–
    - H– Adheres to time.
    - C– Doesn’t adhere to any time.
  7. Major Instruments used:–
    - H– Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar and Santoor.
    - C– Mandolin.
  8. Association to Parts of India
    - H– North India.
    - C– Usually South India.
  9. Commonality between the two:–
    Flute and Violen.
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52
Q

Baul folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

West Bengal.
Lalon Fakir.
Shahebdhoni or Bolahadi sect.

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53
Q

Wanawan folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Kashmir.

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54
Q

Pandavani folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Chhattisgarh.

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55
Q

Alha folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Madhya Pradesh.

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56
Q

Panihari folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan.

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57
Q

Ovi folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Maharashtra and Goa.

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58
Q

Pai folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Madhya Pradesh.

59
Q

Lavani folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Maharashtra.

60
Q

Maand folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan.

61
Q

Dandiya folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Gujarat.

62
Q

Powada folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Maharashtra.

63
Q

Khongjom Parva folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Manipur.

64
Q

Bhavageete folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Karnataka and Maharashtra.

65
Q

Mando folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Goa.

66
Q

Kolannalu or Kolattam folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is similar to Dandia.

67
Q

Sohar folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Bihar.

68
Q

Tikir folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Assam.

69
Q

Ja-jin-ja folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Arunachal Pradesh.

70
Q

Heliamleu folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Nagaland.

71
Q

Neuleu folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Nagaland.

72
Q

Hereileu folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Nagaland.

73
Q

Hekaileu folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Nagaland.

74
Q

Dollu Kunita folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Karnataka.

75
Q

Naatupura Paaru folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Tamil Nadu.

76
Q

Veeragase folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Karnataka.

77
Q

Pala and Daskathia folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Odisha.

78
Q

Manganiars folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

North West India.

79
Q

Dhadi folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Punjab.

80
Q

Basant Geet folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Garhwal, Uttarakhand.

81
Q

Villu Pattu folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Tamil Nadu.

82
Q

Sukar ke Biah folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Bihar.

83
Q

Saikuti Zai folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Mizoram.

84
Q

Lai Haroba Festival folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Manipur.

85
Q

Chhakri folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Kashmir.

86
Q

Bhuta song folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Kerala.

87
Q

Khubakeshei folk music is related to which Indian state?

A

Manipur.

88
Q

Sub categories of Sugam Sangeet?

A
  1. Bhajans
  2. Shabad
  3. Qawwali
89
Q

Abhanga (Sugam Sangeet) state of origin?

A

Maharashtra.

90
Q

Bhatiali (Sugam Sangeet) state of origin?

A

Bengal.

91
Q

Tevaram (Sugam Sangeet) state of origin?

A

Tamil Nadu.

92
Q

Kirtan (Sugam Sangeet) state of origin?

A

Bengal.

93
Q

Haveli Sangeet?

A
  1. Developed in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
  2. Practiced by a community known as the Pushtimarg Sampradaya or the community that believes in Pushtimarg as the way to salvation.
94
Q

What are Awanad/Avanaddha Vadya?

A

Membranophone (percussion instruments).

95
Q

What are Sushira Vadya?

A

Aerophones- wind instruments.

96
Q

What are Ghana Vadya?

A

Solid instruments- do not require any tuning. Idiophone instruments.

97
Q

What are Tata Vadya?

A

Chordophones or string instruments.

98
Q

Types of Tata Vadya?

A
  1. Bowed eg Sarangi, Esraj and Violen.
  2. Plectral eg Sitar, Veena and Tamboora.
  3. Instruments that are struck by small hammer or a pair of sticks eg Gotuvadyam and Swaramandal.
99
Q

Title of Shehnai King has been given to?

A

Ustab Bismillah Khan.

100
Q

What type of musical instrument is Ektara?

A

Ekatara or Tun Tuna is Chordophone.

101
Q

What type of musical instrument is Dotara?

A

Chordophone.

102
Q

What type of musical instrument is Chikara?

A

Chordophone.

103
Q

What type of musical instrument is Dilruba or Esraj?

A

Chordophone.

104
Q

What type of musical instrument is Onavillu?

A

Chordophone.

105
Q

What type of musical instrument is Sarinda?

A

Chordophone.

106
Q

What type of musical instrument is Pungi or Been?

A

Aerophone.

107
Q

What type of musical instrument is Algoza?

A

Aerophone.

108
Q

What type of musical instrument is Tangmuri?

A

Aerophone.

109
Q

What type of musical instrument is Totti?

A

Aerophone.

110
Q

What type of musical instrument is Mashak?

A

Aerophone.

111
Q

What type of musical instrument is Gogona?

A

Aerophone.

112
Q

What type of musical instrument is Ghumot?

A

Membranophone.

113
Q

What type of musical instrument is Idakka?

A

Membranophone.

114
Q

What type of musical instrument is Udukai?

A

Membranophone.

115
Q

What type of musical instrument is Sambal?

A

Membranophone.

116
Q

What type of musical instrument is Tamak?

A

Membranophone.

117
Q

What type of musical instrument is Diggi?

A

Membranophone.

118
Q

What type of musical instrument is Chimpta?

A

Idiophone.

119
Q

What type of musical instrument is Gharha?

A

Idiophone.

120
Q

What type of musical instrument is Andelu?

A

Idiophone.

121
Q

What type of musical instrument is Congo?

A

Membranophone.

122
Q

What type of musical instrument is Pakhawaj?

A

Membranophone.

123
Q

What type of musical instrument is Mridangam?

A

Membranophone.

124
Q

What type of musical instrument is Ninkirns?

A

Aerophone.

125
Q

What type of musical instrument is Manjira?

A

Idiophone.

126
Q

What type of musical instrument is Jaltarang?

A

Idiophone.

127
Q

What type of musical instrument is Jhanj?

A

Idiophone.

128
Q

What type of musical instrument is Khartal?

A

Idiophone.

129
Q

Flute has been in use since the Vedic period. It was initially called?

A

Nadi or Tunava.

130
Q

Langha (muslim tribal community) related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Gujarat and Rajasthan.

131
Q

Manganiar or Merasi (muslim community) related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan. Use instrument Kamaicha to sing classical folk music.

132
Q

Karta bhajas community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

West Bengal.

133
Q

Bauls community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

West Bengal.

134
Q

Jogi community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan.

135
Q

Bhopa community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Rajasthan.

136
Q

Barot, Charan, Gadhvi community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Gujarat.

137
Q

Muria tribes community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Chhattisgarh. Sing songs called Relo.

138
Q

Kamar community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Chhattisgarh.

139
Q

Baghela community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Madhya Pradesh.

140
Q

Pulayar hill tribes community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Tamil Nadu. Perform melodies called talams.

141
Q

Idu mishmis community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Arunachal Pradesh.

142
Q

Moken tribe community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

143
Q

Bazzigar (Goaar) community related to music belongs to which Indian state?

A

Punjab.

INDIAN ART AND CULTURE (24 decks)

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