Religion, Technology and new approach

Question 1

What is the latin name for and definition of science?

Answer 1

Scientia - knowledge

Question 2

What was Marcel Duchamp’s view on art?

Answer 2

“I’m the artist, whatever I do, is art”

Question 3

What are the two major approaches to historiography?

Answer 3

• Internal

- External

Question 4

Define the internal approach to historiography.

Answer 4

Old approach. Scientists make discoveries without being influenced by social/external factors.

Question 5

Define the external approach to historiography.

Answer 5

New approach. External social factors shape development of science/technology, no inborn genius or independent idea.

Question 6

What approach did Thomas Kuhn have towards the origins of modern science/technology? What book did he write?

Answer 6

• Internal approach.
• Argued of no single revolution - small revolutions or “paradigm shifts”
• “The structure of scientific revolutions”

Question 7

What was Thomas Kuhn’s order of flow of paradigm shifts?

Answer 7

Established science - normal science (puzzle solving process) - novelty/anomaly - crisis in established science - emergence of new paradigm (revolution) - new normal science

Question 8

What are two issues with Thomas Kuhn’s order of flow of paradigm shifts?

Answer 8

• Works for early part of scientific revolution, but not later
• Two established sciences can coexist even if they contradict one another (newton vs. Einstein)

Question 9

What approach did Robert Merton have towards the origins of modern science/technology? What work did he write?

Answer 9

• External approach
• Scientific revolution caused by religion
• “Puritanism and the Rise of Modern Science”

Question 10

What did Robert Merton argue regarding Protestantism and Catholicism and science?

Answer 10

• Protestants used science to make profits, Roman Catholics did NOT
• In Protestantism being wealthy was extremely valued
• In Catholicism, being poor was valued, Jesus was poor

Question 11

What approach did Edgar Zilsel have towards the origins of modern science/technology? What work did he write?

Answer 11

• External approach
• S.R. started by craftsmen, like John Harrison
• “The Social Origins of Modern Science”

Question 12

What did Edgar Zilsel argue about craftsmen and the S.R.?

Answer 12

Craftsmen started the scientific revolution:

a. Theory - how machines work
b. Experimentation - trial and error, observation
c. Actual work/interaction with the devices

Question 13

What approach did Harold A. Innis have towards the origins of modern science/technology? What work did he write?

Answer 13

• External approach
• S.R. free access to knowledge/communication
• “Empire and Communications”

Question 14

What did Harold A. Innis argue was the catalyst for access to knowledge and communication?

Answer 14

Gutenberg’s printing press.

Question 15

Who were the “Gate keepers”, according to Harold A. Innis? Why?

Answer 15

The catholic church, they would allow or disallow publications of texts.

Question 16

What approach did Herbert Butterfield have towards the origins of modern science/technology? What work did he write?

Answer 16

• Internal approach
• Said that medieval ages were falsely labeled as period of decline
• “The Origins of Modern Science”

Question 17

What was Herbert Butterfield’s primary interest?

Answer 17

Physics, how theory of motion evolved.

Question 18

What was Herbert Butterfield’s opinion on Nazi Germany? What repercussions did this have?

Answer 18

Believed for Germany to come into power with Hitler was a good thing (said before WWII), career has declined ever since, labeled as a Nazi.

Question 19

What was the theory of impetus? What theory did this contrast? What happened to the theory of impetus?

Answer 19

Moving force imbedded in the object, contrasted Aristotle’s prime mover theory. Roman Catholic church blocked theory of impetus.

Question 20

What and when was the scientific revolution?

Answer 20

A period when natural philosophy evolved into modern science. From 1543-1700.

Question 21

What marked the start of the S.R?

Answer 21

Death of Copernicus, in 1543.

Question 22

What marked the end of the S.R?

Answer 22

“Start of the industrial revolution”, made up date by historians ~1700

Question 23

What is Lech’s definition of the S.R.?

Answer 23

A shift from the question of WHY the universe works (philosophy) to HOW it works.

Question 24

What did Claudius Ptolemy create?

Answer 24

Almagest, first mathematical model of the cosmos.

Question 25

Who was Nicolaus Copernicus and why was he important?

Answer 25

• Polish/German doctor
• Bad mathematician, good observer
• Arguer of heliocentrism

Question 26

What was the myth of Copernicus and the church? What is the true nature of his work?

Answer 26

• Myth: worked on top of a tower was doing it to undermine the R. Catholic church
• Fact: Was part of the scholastic order, trying to go back to the texts of the Greeks. Improved Ptolemy’s system to make it work with Platonic.

Question 27

What would happen in Poland if you argued heliocentrism?

Answer 27

Burnt at the stake.

Question 28

Whose model of heliocentrism was the same as Copernicus’?

Answer 28

Aristarchus, an ancient Greek.

Question 29

What was Copernicus’s book? When did he publish it?

Answer 29

De Revolutonibus Orbium Coelestium. Published on his deathbed in 1543.

Question 30

Why did Copernicus publish his book when he did?

Answer 30

He waited until his deathbed because he knew there would be problems with publication regarding the church.

Question 31

What was significant about Richard of Wallingford’s clock?

Answer 31

Control of time was in the hands of a machine, machine replaced god for the first time.

Question 32

What was Nicholas Oresme’s view on clocks?

Answer 32

Universe - machine (clock) and God - supreme watchmaker. World/universe perfect machines.

Question 33

What did Galileo oppose and promote so openly?

Answer 33

• Opposed Aristotelian logic

- Promoted repeatable experimentation

Question 34

What did Galileo disprove about ancient science’s view of planets?

Answer 34

That they were perfect spheres. Saw using telescope.

Question 35

What did Galileo publish in 1610? What systems did this book go against? What did it support and how?

Answer 35

• Starry Messenger
• Went against Aristotelian and Ptolomeic systems
• Supported Copernicus with math

Question 36

What was the missing component recognizable by medieval people in a mechanical clock?

Answer 36

God!

Question 37

How was the cosmos of Galileo received?

Answer 37

As Heresy, there was no god.

Question 38

Why was Galileo never killed because of his heresy?

Answer 38

He had good social connections, was well acquainted with everyone in higher classes. The pope was his childhood friend.

Question 39

What did Galileo publish in 1632? What kind of publication was this?

Answer 39

Dialogue 1632, in the form of a play/dialogue including Ptolemeic and Copernican astronomer and the Pope.

Question 40

What eventually happened to Galileo for his heresy? What should have happened if he did not have such good connections?

Answer 40

He was arrested and put on trial, went before the Holy Inquisition. He should’ve been tortured horribly to the point where you ask for death. Galileo was unharmed. Galileo was sentenced to life house imprisonment.

Question 41

What was Galileo’s proof that earth is moving around the sun? Who could you also attribute this theory to?

Answer 41

Looked at the ocean tides, goes back to Posidonius.

Question 42

What was the significance of Galileo within the S.R?

Answer 42

He was the first to shift the question from why the nature/universe works to HOW it works. This led to the beginning of modern science in Britain.