From Experimentaion to Utility - Industrial Revolution

Question 1

When did the IR peak?

Answer 1

in 1850s, Britian was expanding enormously.

Question 2

When was the first time arts and technology came together under one roof?

Answer 2

Crystal Palace, Great exhibition of 1851.

Question 3

What was considered to be the first steam engine and by who was it invented?

Answer 3

Heron of Alexandria’s first jet/steam turbine. 50 AD.

Question 4

What was the steam engine a solution to? What was it not invented for, contrary to popular belief?

Answer 4

Solution to running out of wood, people switched to coal. Coal had to be mined under flooding conditions. Steam engine’s job was to pump water out of the mines.

Was NOT invented to power factories.

Question 5

Who is credited with the first “steam engine”? Was it successful? Why?

Answer 5

Thomas Savery. Technological failure, but commercial success. Anyone who made a steam engine afterwards had to pay Savery.

Question 6

Who was Edward Marquise of Worcester?

Answer 6

Actual inventor of steam engine. “Engine to drive up water by fire”

Question 7

What is the IR incorrectly thought to be powered by? What is the correct answer?

Answer 7

• incorrect: steam engine

- correct: vacuum pump

Question 8

Who was Denis Papin and what did he create? What did this resemble? Was it functional?

Answer 8

French scientist who came to London and created piston steam engine. Resembled Heron’s vacuum pump. Was functional, could lift gigantic weights.

Question 9

Who was the first to conceptualize a steamboat?

Answer 9

Denis Papin.

Question 10

What was the social network regarding Papin before 1691?

Answer 10

Papin -> Robert Boyle -> Robert Hooke, royal society

Question 11

What was Papin’s relationship to Robert Boyle? What did Boyle take credit for?

Answer 11

Papin assistant to Boyle. Boyle took credit for Papin’s vacuum pump.

Question 12

What was the social network regarding Papin after 1691? What is significant about this date?

Answer 12

Boyle died:
Papin -> Hooke -> Royal society

Papin and Hooke became close friends

Question 13

What was Hooke’s relationship to Boyle?

Answer 13

Hooke was second assistant to Boyle.

Question 14

What was Hooke’s title within the Royal Society?

Answer 14

Curator of experiments.

Question 15

What happened when Hooke died?

Answer 15

• Papin -> The Royal Society

- Newton becomes head of R.S.

Question 16

What was Newton’s first deed as head of R.S.?

Answer 16

Destroyed Hooke’s work, ripped his paintings from the wall

Question 17

How much money did Papin’s proposal for a steamboat required, what is this equivalent to today? How did the R.S. respond and why?

Answer 17

15 pounds, 15,000 dollars.

R.S. said no, too much money, handed it off to Newton who also said no because Papin was a friend of Hooke’s. Told him to try the simplest and cheapest experiments first, kind of like with Harrison.

Question 18

What was the intent of Savery’s letter to the R.S. regarding Papin?

Answer 18

To downplay Papin, call Papin a crook, saying he (Savery) himself was the true steam engine inventor

Question 19

Why couldn’t Savery’s patent prevent Papin’s steamboat from becoming a reality?

Answer 19

Savery’s patent had power only of steam engines to be used on land

Question 20

What ended up happening to Papin at the end of his life? What happened after he died?

Answer 20

Spent all his own money on steamship, lost all money, became homeless, died forgotten.

Right after he disappeared/died, he got award of 10 pounds from R.S. for invention of pressure cooker.

Question 21

What did Thomas Newcomen do?

Answer 21

Built first full-scale, industrial steam engine. Came around after Papin’s disappearance.

Question 22

How did James Watt come into the picture?

Answer 22

Fixed a Newcomen engine after it broke down at Glasgow university.

Question 23

What did James Watt do?

Answer 23

Made slight improvement to Thomas Newcomen’s engine.

Created an external condenser, which was a small modification to Newcomen’s engine.

Question 24

Who was Matthew Boulton?

Answer 24

Business partner of James Watt.

Question 25

Who was John Wilkinson?

Answer 25

Nasty dude obsessed with precision, invented precision iron cast used in James Watt steam engines.

Question 26

What was the putting-out system?

Answer 26

The form of production from worker’s home, cottage industry, opposite of factory system

Question 27

What happened in 1721 that led to the rise of factories and downfall of the putting-out system?

Answer 27

Machines became too large, couldn’t fit in individual homes.

Question 28

What was significant about the factory system?

Answer 28

New technology of manufacturing and labor organization.

Question 29

Where and what was the first modern factory located? How was it powered?

Answer 29

Silk mill in Derby. Water wheel would turn and power all machines.

Question 30

Who was Richard Arkwright?

Answer 30

Made the first steam-powered factory

Question 31

Who was Marc Brunel?

Answer 31

Famous civ e, inventor: made the first automated production/assembly line

Question 32

In a nutshell, how was the modern industrial society created?

Answer 32

Since biggest cost was transportation from factory to market (in city), factories moved into cities and with them the workers.

Question 33

Who was Joseph Paxton? What did he build?

Answer 33

Made original design for Crystal Palace, was a gardener. Build the great conservatory.

Question 34

What did the Great Exhibition achieve?

Answer 34

Bringing the industries and the arts together.

Question 35

What did Canada contribute to the Great Exhibition?

Answer 35

Canoe.

Question 36

How many people visited the Great exhibition?

Answer 36

Over 6 million.

Question 37

How did the Crystal Palace get destroyed?

Answer 37

Had wooden floors, caught fire and melted the iron and glass of the building.

Question 38

By how many years does the camera predate photography?

Answer 38

At least 1000.

Question 39

Who was Joseph Niepce and what did he invent?

Answer 39

French inventor, invented heliography. Bitumen and turpentine creates a light sensitive paint.

Question 40

Who was Louis Daguerre?

Answer 40

Partner of Niepce who stole his idea. Took first photograph: Boulevard du Temple

His photos called daguerreotypes.

Question 41

What were two issues with heliography?

Answer 41

Not duplicable. Takes a while to develop.

Question 42

What were all the early daguerreotypes of?

Answer 42

Portraits, expression of the inner character.

Question 43

Who was Frederick Scott Archer? What did he come up with?

Answer 43

British Sculptor. Came up with Collodion process - first duplicable photography. Mixture of gin cotton and nitric and sulfuric acid.

Question 44

What is the Collodion and what is the Albumen?

Answer 44

Collodion - negative
Albumen - positive:
- mix of egg whites and silver dust, glossy finish, excellent tonal range

Question 45

What did the Collodion process allow for?

Answer 45

duplicable photography and indoor photography.

Question 46

Who was Andre Disderi?

Answer 46

Created Care-de-visite, kind of business card.

Albumen print.

Question 47

What was an early use for cameras?

Answer 47

Painters used it to project an image on a screen/canvas, and fill the spots with paint

Question 48

How did dry plate cameras work and what did they make possible?

Answer 48

• Collodion plates

- Outdoor photography

Question 49

What was the first roll-film camera and who made it? What were some of its advantages?

Answer 49

Kodak, by George Eastman.

• Low cost and mass-produced
• Preloaded with film

Question 50

What was the Microdot?

Answer 50

A super small 35mm spy camera.

Question 51

Who introduced first digital camera, how did it work?

Answer 51

Kodak, data was recorded on magnetic tape.

Question 52

Where was the world’s first photo found and what was it called?

Answer 52

Found in Niepce’s trunk, “View from the window at Le Gras”