"Reliability And Validity In Diagnosis And Classification Of Schizophrenia" Flashcards
Classification is “ the action or process of __________ something: the classification of _______ according to _______ “
Classifying - diseases - symptoms
Diagnosis is “the __________ of the nature of an _______ by examination of the _______”
Identification - illness - symptoms
Who conducted research into the reliability and validity of diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia
Cheniaux (2008)
How many people did cheniaux ask 2 psychiatrists to diagnose with schizophrenia according to the 2 classification systems (ICD + DSM)
100 people
How many psychiatrists did cheniaux ask to diagnose 100 people with schizophrenia according to the DSM and the ICD
2
In cheniaux’s research, both psychiatrists were assigned with diagnosing schizophrenia but each researcher did so differently. How so?
One used the ICD, the other used the DSM
What does Reliability refer to?
Whether we can gain consistent results when classifying and diagnosing schizophrenia
Reliability, aswell as referring to the extent we can gather consistent results, also refers to how much which 2 systems agree upon the classification of schizophrenia
The ICD and the DSM
How many health professionals in consistent agreement does something require to be reliable
2 or more
If 2 or more health professionals consistently agree on something, what is this thing said to have
Inter-Rater Reliability
In cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with schizophrenia using the DSM?
26
In cheniaux’s study, how many people did researcher B diagnose with schizophrenia according to the DSM?
Only 13 (A diagnosed 26)
In Cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with SZ when using the ICD?
44 people
In cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with SZ according to the ICD?
24 (A was 44)
The fact of the disparities between the 2 psychiatrists when diagnosing SZ using different classifications shows poor what?
Inter - Rater reliability
Why does Cheniaux’s study show the diagnosis and classification of SZ to have lower Inter-Rater reliability
Lack of Consistent agreement between the Psychiatrists
Validity refers to the extent at which we are doing what
Accurately diagnosing SZ symptoms
Validity also refers to the extent the ICD and DSM do what
Accurately identify SZ symptoms
Validity also refers to how much 2 or more professionals do what
Accurately diagnose SZ using ICD/DSM
In cheniaux’s study, psychiatrist A diagnosed patients with SZ how much more than Psychiatrist B
Almost double (44v24ICD & 26v13DSM)
The disparity between A and B’s diagnosis of SZ in Cheniaux’s study questions what?
How accurately the ICD/DSM identify symptoms of SZ
System overlap: where ____ __ _____ conditions share _______ symptoms.
2 or more - similar
Give an example of symptom overlap
SZ and Depression - Avolition
Co morbidity refers to when multiple illnesses/disorders do what
Occur at the same time in a person
Give an example of co morbidity
SZ + Depression as they share common symptoms (system overlap)
Why is co morbidity a problem in diagnosing SZ
May mean SZ may not exist as a distinct condition, leading to misdiagnosis
Which group of people have been diagnosed with SZ more
Men
What is one reason why men historically have been diagnosed with SZ more than women
May be more genetically vulnerable
What is an additional reason why men have been diagnosed with SZ more than women
Females are better at functioning with SZ
Which group of English people are more likely to be diagnosed with SZ in the UK
Citizens of African Origin
Why may UK citizens with African origin have higher rates of SZ diagnosis
Some symptoms of SZ e.g auditory hallucinations are normal in African cultures
What is an example of a behaviour in African culture that may be seen as a symptom of SZ
Hearing voices from ancestors
What is one problem involved with the validity and reliability of the classification and diagnosis of SZ
Co-Morbidity
Who conducted research into the negative implications of Co-Morbidity
Buckley Et Al (2009)
In buckley’s research, what % of diagnosed schizophrenics were also diagnosed depressives
50%
In Buckley’s research, what % of diagnosed schizophrenics also were diagnosed with OCD
23%
Why does Buckley’s research present an issue in regards to diagnosis?
As Doctors may not be able to diagnose SZ correctly
Buckley’s research showed that doctors may not be able to diagnose SZ correctly, what does this thus lead to
Patients not receiving correct treatment
If patients are unable to receive the correct treatment( a problem suggested by Buckley) what does this weaken
The Validity and Reliability of the C and D of SZ
Who conducted research that found that women’s symptoms in SZ may be masked by good interpersonal skills
Cotton Et Al.
What do ALL of the problems with the V and R of the C and D of SZ question
The Validity and Reliability of the C and D of SZ
In regards to Gender Bias and women perhaps being able to mask symptoms, what problem might this cause
Women not recieving a diagnosis due to symptoms appearing “Milder” compared to men
How many times more likely is an Afro-Caribbean living in the uk to be diagnosed with SZ compared to white Britons
10x more likely
Why does culture bias question the V&R of the C&D of SZ
A person’s culture is impacting the likelihood of diagnosis
