"Reliability And Validity In Diagnosis And Classification Of Schizophrenia"

Question 1

Classification is “ the action or process of __________ something: the classification of _______ according to _______ “

Answer 1

Classifying - diseases - symptoms

Question 2

Diagnosis is “the __________ of the nature of an _______ by examination of the _______”

Answer 2

Identification - illness - symptoms

Question 3

Who conducted research into the reliability and validity of diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

Answer 3

Cheniaux (2008)

Question 4

How many people did cheniaux ask 2 psychiatrists to diagnose with schizophrenia according to the 2 classification systems (ICD + DSM)

Answer 4

100 people

Question 5

How many psychiatrists did cheniaux ask to diagnose 100 people with schizophrenia according to the DSM and the ICD

Answer 5

2

Question 6

In cheniaux’s research, both psychiatrists were assigned with diagnosing schizophrenia but each researcher did so differently. How so?

Answer 6

One used the ICD, the other used the DSM

Question 7

What does Reliability refer to?

Answer 7

Whether we can gain consistent results when classifying and diagnosing schizophrenia

Question 8

Reliability, aswell as referring to the extent we can gather consistent results, also refers to how much which 2 systems agree upon the classification of schizophrenia

Answer 8

The ICD and the DSM

Question 9

How many health professionals in consistent agreement does something require to be reliable

Answer 9

2 or more

Question 10

If 2 or more health professionals consistently agree on something, what is this thing said to have

Answer 10

Inter-Rater Reliability

Question 11

In cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with schizophrenia using the DSM?

Answer 11

26

Question 12

In cheniaux’s study, how many people did researcher B diagnose with schizophrenia according to the DSM?

Answer 12

Only 13 (A diagnosed 26)

Question 13

In Cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with SZ when using the ICD?

Answer 13

44 people

Question 14

In cheniaux’s study, how many people did Psychiatrist A diagnose with SZ according to the ICD?

Answer 14

24 (A was 44)

Question 15

The fact of the disparities between the 2 psychiatrists when diagnosing SZ using different classifications shows poor what?

Answer 15

Inter - Rater reliability

Question 16

Why does Cheniaux’s study show the diagnosis and classification of SZ to have lower Inter-Rater reliability

Answer 16

Lack of Consistent agreement between the Psychiatrists

Question 17

Validity refers to the extent at which we are doing what

Answer 17

Accurately diagnosing SZ symptoms

Question 18

Validity also refers to the extent the ICD and DSM do what

Answer 18

Accurately identify SZ symptoms

Question 19

Validity also refers to how much 2 or more professionals do what

Answer 19

Accurately diagnose SZ using ICD/DSM

Question 20

In cheniaux’s study, psychiatrist A diagnosed patients with SZ how much more than Psychiatrist B

Answer 20

Almost double (44v24ICD & 26v13DSM)

Question 21

The disparity between A and B’s diagnosis of SZ in Cheniaux’s study questions what?

Answer 21

How accurately the ICD/DSM identify symptoms of SZ

Question 22

System overlap: where ____ __ _____ conditions share _______ symptoms.

Answer 22

2 or more - similar

Question 23

Give an example of symptom overlap

Answer 23

SZ and Depression - Avolition

Question 24

Co morbidity refers to when multiple illnesses/disorders do what

Answer 24

Occur at the same time in a person

Question 25

Give an example of co morbidity

Answer 25

SZ + Depression as they share common symptoms (system overlap)

Question 26

Why is co morbidity a problem in diagnosing SZ

Answer 26

May mean SZ may not exist as a distinct condition, leading to misdiagnosis

Question 27

Which group of people have been diagnosed with SZ more

Answer 27

Men

Question 28

What is one reason why men historically have been diagnosed with SZ more than women

Answer 28

May be more genetically vulnerable

Question 29

What is an additional reason why men have been diagnosed with SZ more than women

Answer 29

Females are better at functioning with SZ

Question 30

Which group of English people are more likely to be diagnosed with SZ in the UK

Answer 30

Citizens of African Origin

Question 31

Why may UK citizens with African origin have higher rates of SZ diagnosis

Answer 31

Some symptoms of SZ e.g auditory hallucinations are normal in African cultures

Question 32

What is an example of a behaviour in African culture that may be seen as a symptom of SZ

Answer 32

Hearing voices from ancestors

Question 33

What is one problem involved with the validity and reliability of the classification and diagnosis of SZ

Answer 33

Co-Morbidity

Question 34

Who conducted research into the negative implications of Co-Morbidity

Answer 34

Buckley Et Al (2009)

Question 35

In buckley’s research, what % of diagnosed schizophrenics were also diagnosed depressives

Answer 35

50%

Question 36

In Buckley’s research, what % of diagnosed schizophrenics also were diagnosed with OCD

Answer 36

23%

Question 37

Why does Buckley’s research present an issue in regards to diagnosis?

Answer 37

As Doctors may not be able to diagnose SZ correctly

Question 38

Buckley’s research showed that doctors may not be able to diagnose SZ correctly, what does this thus lead to

Answer 38

Patients not receiving correct treatment

Question 39

If patients are unable to receive the correct treatment( a problem suggested by Buckley) what does this weaken

Answer 39

The Validity and Reliability of the C and D of SZ

Question 40

Who conducted research that found that women’s symptoms in SZ may be masked by good interpersonal skills

Answer 40

Cotton Et Al.

Question 41

What do ALL of the problems with the V and R of the C and D of SZ question

Answer 41

The Validity and Reliability of the C and D of SZ

Question 42

In regards to Gender Bias and women perhaps being able to mask symptoms, what problem might this cause

Answer 42

Women not recieving a diagnosis due to symptoms appearing “Milder” compared to men

Question 43

How many times more likely is an Afro-Caribbean living in the uk to be diagnosed with SZ compared to white Britons

Answer 43

10x more likely

Question 44

Why does culture bias question the V&R of the C&D of SZ

Answer 44

A person’s culture is impacting the likelihood of diagnosis