Reliability and validity Flashcards
What is diagnostic reliability?
Whether a diagnosis of schizophrenia is repeatable
What are the two types of diagnostic reliability?
Inter-rater and test-retest
What is inter-rater reliability?
It refers to the extent to which two or more psychologists agree on a diagnosis of schizophrenia
How is inter-rater reliability tested?
Using the kappa score (0=nothing, 1=perfect)
What is the kappa score of schizophrenia?
0.46
What type of differences are there in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Cultural
What is validity?
Whether an observed effect is a genuine one
What is gender bias within the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
When accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on someone’s gender
Give 2 examples of gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis.
Gender biased diagnostic criteria and stereotypical beliefs influencing clinicians judgements
What do critics of the DSM argue?
That some diagnostic categories are biased towards pathologising one gender over the other
What is symptom overlap?
The fact that symptoms of a disorder may not be unique to that disorder, making diagnosis difficult
What is co-morbidity?
The extent that two or more conditions or disorders occur simultaneously in a patient
In the study where British and American psychologists were asked to diagnose a patient, what percentage of the British psychologists diagnosed schizophrenia?
2%
In the study where British and American psychologists were asked to diagnose a patient, what percentage of the Americans diagnosed schizophrenia?
69%
What have psychologists argued that healthy adult behaviour is equated to in the US?
Healthy male behaviour
Which 2 disorders does schizophrenia share many symptoms with?
Bipolar disorder and depression
People with which disorder have more schizophrenic symptoms than people diagnosed with schizophrenia?
Dissociative identity disorder
What percentage of schizophrenics also have depression?
50%
What percentage of schizophrenics also have addiction problems?
47%
What percentage of schizophrenics also have PTSD?
29%
What are the 2 AO3 points for the reliability of schizophrenia?
1) Lack of inter-rater reliability
2) Rosenhan’s study showed issues with reliability
What did one psychologist find the inter-rater reliability of schizophrenia to be?
0.11
When 50 senior psychiatrists were asked to differentiate between ‘bizarre’ and ‘non-bizarre’ delusions, what was the inter-rater reliability?
0.4
Where did Rosenhan send his pseudopatients?
Psychiatric hospitals
What words did Rosenhan’s pseudopatients report hearing?
Empty, thud and hollow
After the publication of Rosenhan’s study, what did he threaten to do?
Threatened to send out more pseudopatients
What was the pseudopatient detection rate after Rosenhan threatened to send them?
21%
What are the 2 AO3 points of validity of schizophrenia?
1) Research support for gender bias in diagnosis
2) Consequences of comorbidity
In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, how many psychiatrists were there?
290 male and female psychiatrists
In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what were the psychiatrists asked to do?
Read 2 case studies of patients’ behaviour + diagnose them using diagnostic criteria
In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what percentage of patients described as male or no gender were diagnosed as schizophrenic?
56%
In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, what percentage of patients described as female were diagnosed as schizophrenic?
20%
In the study that supports the role of gender bias in diagnosis, which gender of psychiatrist were less likely to respond to gender bias?
Female psychiatrists
In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, how many discharge records were looked at?
6 million
In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, what did they find evidence of?
Many co-morbid, non-psychiatric diagnoses
In the study looking at the consequences of co-morbidity, what were the 3 most common non-psychiatric diagnoses?
Asthma, type 2 diabetes and hypertension
