RELATIONSHIPS: STUDIES - NAME/EXPLANATION Flashcards
Madsen et al 2007
Altruism kin hypothesis: UK and S African participants asked to sit against a wall: the longer they sat, the more money their relative would receive. Results show that the people spent more time in the uncomfortable position if the money was going to a closer relative.
SIMMONS ET AL
Altruism kin hypothesis: parents and siblings were asked whether they’d donate a kidney to a relative. Parents said yes 90% while 50% of siblings said yes. In the follow up, relatives were asked their closeness to donators: they were much closer to donators than to non donators.
BATSON ET AL 1982
Empathy altruism: students saw an interview with a girl who had broken her legs. Half of them were asked to focus on the information while the other half concentrated on her feelings. Also ease of escape: half told she was stuck at home, half she would be in the same group. Results show Carol was more likely to receive help in the form of going over the notes from those focusing on her feelings. Ease of escape was not significant.
Whiting and Whiting 1975
Prosocial behaviour in cultures: observing children in six different countries. Mexico, Kenya and Philippines had the most prosocial behaving children, while USA, Japan and India all had most egoistic children
Miller et al 1990
Indians and Americans interviewed on what to do when someone has not helped someone, moderating the seriousness. Indians said it was a duty to always help, Americans saw it as a choice.
Latane and Darley
Bystanderism: students asked to talk about their problems into a microphone after hearing other people talk about their problems. Students are told varying numbers of people listening. A stooge tells he has problems with seizures, and experiences one during participant’s talking. Results show alone 85% reported, when four 30%.
Piliavin et al
Bystanderism: a black/white and ill/drunk person fell in a subway. Results show ill people more likely to receive help than drunk ones.
Amato
Bystanderism: people in Austalia were interviewed after a bush fire asking for the rate of disturbance they felt. Results showed the more shocked participants were, the more they donated.
Wedekind
Biological attraction: men were asked to sleep in a t shirt for two nights and not put on any other smells, e.g. deodorant. Then, women were asked to rate the smell on how appealing it was. Results showed women prefered t shirts of men whose genes were most dissimilar to their own.
Newcomb
Students were given rent free accomodation for filling out surveys. Results show students with similar attitudes tended to become friends more often.
Festinger et al 1950
Researchers observed and interviewed students living in one house. Research shows that the more people bumped into each other, the more likely they were to become friends. Friendship was more likely to develop with people living in the same house and nextdoor.
Buss et al 1990
Cross cultural mate: over 9K questionnaires in 33 countries. Nearly everyone rated that mutual attraction and love is very important, chastity was valued in Asian countries, India and Middle East. Women valued financial status more than men, youth and physical qualities more by men than women.
Singh et al
Interviews of 50 Indian couples who married for love or arranged marriage. Those who married for love reported lesser feelings of love in a few years, while arranged ones reported higher ones.
Cohen et al
Culture of honour: students from the south and west of USA were insulted publicly and their testosterone levels measured. Results showed the southerners testosterone much higher and acted more aggressively.
Shalev et al
PTSD after Israeli terrorist attack: interviews with victims. Results showed they were upset and had negative thoughts, later on avoidance: PTSD had developed.
