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cell bio > Relationships between neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix > Flashcards

Relationships between neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does the formation of tissues start?

A

emrbyo

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2
Q

what are the two ways that specialized cells for tissue in an embryo?

A
  1. specialized cell junction
  2. migration of cells over great distances to meet up with other cells at a new location and form a tissue
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3
Q

what organism is unicellular but aggregate in groups to resemble multicellular organisms and use contact guidance to do this?

A

myxobacteria

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4
Q

explain how myxobacteria uses contact guidance?

A
  • bacteria leaves behind a trail of extracellular matrix that other myxobacteria can follow
  • movement of a single bacterium is made possible by its interaction with fellow bacteria so the whole colony keeps moving together
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5
Q

what organism migrates over long distances, is an amoeba, and makes aggregation centers that gives rise to spores and more amoebae occuring via chemotaxis?

A

dictyostelium discoideum

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6
Q

define chemotaxis

A

the directed motion of an organism towards a chemical signal

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7
Q

what is the chemical signal of D. discoideum produced during the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

cyclic AMP

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8
Q

Inflammation in one part of the body can induce the release of several signals including _______ and _________ that attract other immune cells to come to the site to clear the infection

A

cytokines
chemokines

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9
Q

Other examples of cell adhesion include the development of the human embryo. In this case, embryonic cells associate with each other using an _____________ that is calcium-dependent.

A

aggregation factor

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10
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

way in which cells are held together in multicellular organisms

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11
Q

what are ways we can see cell junctions?

A

thin-section microscopy
freeze-fracture microscopy

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12
Q

what are the three functional categories of cell junctions?

A
  1. adhering junctions
  2. impermeable junctions
  3. communicating junctions
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13
Q

what is the main type of adhering junction?

A

desmosome

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14
Q

what is the main type of impermeable junction?

A

tight junction

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15
Q

what are the two main types of communicating junctions?

A

gap junctions and chemical synapses

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16
Q

where are desmosomes most commonly found?

A

cardiac muscle
skin epithelium
neck of uterus

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17
Q

what are the three kinds of desmosomes?

A
  1. belt
  2. spot
  3. hemidesmosomes
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18
Q

which desmosomes make a continuous band around each of the interacting cells in an epithelial sheet and are found near the apical end of the cell?

A

belt desmosomes

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19
Q

which desmosomes are like screws that hold cells together at small points of contact and act as anchoring sites for keratin filaments which help form a structural framework for the cytoplasm?

A

spot desmosomes

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20
Q

which desmosome do not join adjacent cells together?

A

hemidesmosome

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21
Q

hemidesmosomes join the basal surface of the cell with ____________

A

basal lamina

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22
Q

which two desmosomes work together to spread any shearing force through the epithelium?

A

spot and hemidesmosomes

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23
Q

describe bullous pemphigoid

A
  • disease characterized by blister formation causing the epithelium to detach from the basal lamina
  • pruritic skin disease common in people over 60
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24
Q

what is bullous pemphigoid caused by?

A

autoimmune attack on different protein components of the hemidesmosome

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25
Q

what can the presence of bullous pemphigoid blisters be a side effect from?

A

furosemide or vildagliptin

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26
Q

what is the main function of the epithelial cell sheets that line all body cavities?

A

highly selective barrier to prevent the mixing of fluids from both sides

27
Q

how are epithelial cell sheets mediated?

A

tight junctions

28
Q

where are tight junctions commonly found?

A

transitional epithelium/urothelium

29
Q

why are tight junctions important for the urinary tract?

A

to prevent urine from being reabsorbed into the body, it retains the seal even when the epithelium is stretched when the bladder is full

30
Q

what is the most common type of cell junction and found in many different tissues?

A

gap junction

31
Q

what is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

communicating junction that allow small, water soluble molecules to pass directly between the cytoplasm of one cell to the other
- couples the cell electrically and metabolically

32
Q

what are examples in the body of gap junctions?

A
  1. cardiac muscle: gap junctions connect the heart muscle cells with neighboring cells to synchronize their contractions so that the entire chamber of the heart can contract and relax together.
  2. nerve cells: allow the spread of an action potential quickly from one cell to the next
33
Q

what are the protein assemblies that make up gap junctions?

A

connexons

34
Q

how many connexon proteins are connexons made up of?

A

6

35
Q

One Connexon is a ________, and each cell provides one half to make an interacting, complete gap junction. It comes together like a snap button.

A

hemichannel

36
Q

list what the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of?

A

cartilage
tendons
basal laminae
bones
teeth

37
Q

what are some functions of ecm?

A

form or support for cells and can regulate cellular behavior

38
Q

what molecules of the ecm are synthesized and secreted by local cells?

A

fibroblasts

39
Q

what are the two main classes of molecules that make up the ecm?

A

collagens and glycosaminoglycans

40
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to what protein?

A

proteoglycans (PGs)

41
Q

what does the collagen fibers of the ECM do?

A

provide strength and organization for the matrix and “aqueous” nature of the matrix allows for diffusion of nutrients, metabolites, and hormones between blood and tissue cells

42
Q

list other components of the ECM besides collagen

A

elastin
fibronectin
laminin

43
Q

what are collagens

A

most abundant fibrous proteins found in all multicellular animals

44
Q

what is collagen composed of?

A

triple helix of three alpha-chains that make a rigid rope like structure that can be cross-linked with the matrix

45
Q

what is the very specific amino acid sequence that makes up collagen?

A

every third amino acid is a glycine with many proline and hydroxyproline residues that promote “kinking” and help collagen coil tightly

46
Q

what is the main amino acid residue that maintains the stability of collagen?

A

hydroxyproline

47
Q

how is the hydroxyproline formed?

A

hydroxylation of proline residues on the collagen molecule through the action of prolyl hydroxylase that requires vitamin C as a cofactor

48
Q

which collagen fiber type is the largest collagen fiber and present in 90% of the connective tissue including bone

A

type I

49
Q

which collagen type is fine and present in cartilage?

A

type II

50
Q

which collagen fiber type is fibrillar and present in many tissue?

A

type III

51
Q

what is another name for osteogenesis imperfecta type I?

A

brittle bone disease

52
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta type I is caused by a mutation in either of which two type I collagen genes?

A

COL1A1 and COL1A2

53
Q

the formation of the two genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 leads to the formation of what?

A

two pro-alpha1 chains and one pro-alpha2 chain that come together to form the triple helix of collagen type I

54
Q

what are signs of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda?

A
  • long bone fractures during childhood after minor trauma (commonly mistaken for abuse)
  • hearing loss
  • blue sclera
55
Q

what is the purpose of elastin?

A

a “spring” that allows for the recoil of tissues back to their original state

56
Q

how is the cross-linkage in elastin possible?

A

through oxidation of lysine residues

57
Q

how is the oxidation of lysine residues accomplished?

A

by lysyl oxidase that requires copper as a cofactor

58
Q

When the lysine is oxidized, it forms bonds with other lysine or _______ residues to make ________, which is only found in elastin.

A

allysine
desmosine

59
Q

how many collagen types are there?

A

5

60
Q

Desmosine is made up of one _____ and 3 _______ residues and has an ___________, which is what gives elastin its characteristic yellow color.

A

lysine
allysine
aromatic chain

61
Q

describe marfan syndrome

A

autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene on chromosome 16

62
Q

what is fibrillin?

A

glycoprotein essential for formation of elastic fibers

63
Q

where are elastic fibers commonly found?

A
  • walls of large arteries (aorta)
  • suspensory ligaments of the lens in the eye
64
Q

what are distinct characteristics of marfan syndrome?

A
  • long limbs
  • arachnodactyly
  • pectus excavatum
  • lens discoloration
  • aortic aneurysm
  • abnormal formation of rib cage

cell bio (12 decks)

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