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energy centers Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

true or false: the mitochondria contains DNA

A

true

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2
Q

why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?

A

it produces most of the energy that is required for the cell’s carious functions

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3
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

when prokaryotes were “swallowed” by larger eukaryotic cells which explains why the mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA

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4
Q

what are the advantages eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells received as stated by the endosymbiotic theory?

A

eu: no longer needed to only rely on anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

pro: now had safe home in which they could stay and not be destroyed

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5
Q

what is the folding that exists within the inner membrane?

A

cristae

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6
Q

how is the outer and inner membrane separated?

A

intermembrane spaces

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7
Q

what separates the rest of the organelle by the inner membrane?

A

matrix

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8
Q

what is the cardiolipin?

A

special lipid prominent in the inner membrane that make both membranes selectively permeable to specific molecules like fatty acids, carnitine, etc.

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9
Q

which mitochondrial membrane contains proteins necessary for the electron transport chain?

A

inner

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10
Q

The Krebs cycle utilizes the pyruvate generated from glycolysis and turns it into _______, which can be used in the Krebs cycle to generate ATP and the electron carriers, ____ and _____.

A

acetyl CoA
NADH
FADH2

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11
Q

the electron carriers used in the electron transport chain use a protein gradient and electron transfer between the different complexes of the chain in order to generate energy for the cell through _______________________

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

generation of ATP through the use of oxidized electron carriers

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13
Q

ETC require what in order to produce ATP from the electron carriers generated from the Krebs cycle (NADH and FADH2)?

A

complexes 1,2,3,4 (ATP synthase)

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14
Q

what are cytochromes and what is its purpose?

A
  • family of colorful proteins which contain an iron atom that can accept electrons
  • aids in the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to lower energy levels in order to generate energy
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15
Q

how is a proton gradient formed between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space?

A

ETC complexes will pump H+ into the intermembrane space

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16
Q

the proton gradient is then used at the end of the electron transport by ____________ to form ATP

A

ATP synthase

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17
Q

as the cell divides, the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts increase or decrease?

A

increase

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18
Q

chloroplast is thought to have come from which prokaryotic organism?

A

cyanobacteria

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19
Q

how do cyanobacteria gain energy?

A

photosynthetic activity

20
Q

what is the photosynthesis center of the cell?

A

chloroplast

21
Q

chloroplasts use electrons from water and the energy from sunlight to convert ___ from the environment into _____________ for the cell to use

another end product is the release of __ into the atmosphere

A

CO2
carbohydrates

O2

22
Q

what do plant cells use to generate energy during the day vs at night?

A

chloroplasts
mitochondria

23
Q

what is the extra compartment in chloroplasts that mitochondria don’t have?

A

thylakoid space

24
Q

what is the main difference between chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A
  • inner membrane of the chloroplast is not folded into cristae
  • chloroplasts have the stroma which is analogous to the mitochondrial matrix
25
Q

how many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

3

26
Q

the third, innermost membrane of the chloroplast creates what?

A

thylakoids

27
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

flattened disc like sacs

28
Q

what are the two main reactions that chloroplasts are responsible for?

A
  1. generation of ATP using light
  2. conversion of CO2 into a carbohydrate
29
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

pigment within. plant cells

30
Q

which reaction of chloroplasts use electrons to excite chlorophyll so those electrons can move along an oxidation chain similar to ETC?

A

light dependent reactions

31
Q

what is carbon fixation?

A

convert CO2 to carbohydrate

32
Q

which reaction of the chloroplasts use carbon fixation?

A

dark reactions

33
Q

the dark and light dependent reactions use ___ and ______ that was produced in the light reactions to turn CO2 into a carbohydrate

A

ATP
NADPH

34
Q

what is the world’s most abundant enzyme and catalyzes carbon fixation?

A

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

35
Q

what part of the chloroplast does carbon fixation occur?

A

stroma

36
Q

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 into ___________________

A

3-phosphoglycerate

37
Q

3-phosphoglycerate is converted to _______________________ which can then be used to produce _______, ____, and ______________

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
sugars
fats
amino acids

38
Q

how do plants adapt to different environments such as hot, humid, or dry environments?

A

photorespiration

39
Q

describe photorespiration

A
  • ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase uses oxygen instead of CO2
  • results in the consumption of O2 and the release of CO2
40
Q

all of a plant cell’s fatty acids are made by enzymes that are located within the what?

A

chloroplast stroma

41
Q

in the stroma, the reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), is managed by _________________

the ammonia generated is used to make ____________ and __________

A

light-activated electrons

nucleic acids
amino acids

42
Q

when the environment lacked oxygen, how did the cells adapt?

A

used ETC as aerobic method of energy production

43
Q

how are mitochondria inherited?

A

maternally

44
Q

what type of inheritance is cytoplasmic inheritance?

A

non-Mendelian inheritance

45
Q

what is used to examine genetic disorders to reveal typical mendelian inheritance patterns?

A

pedigree chart

46
Q

what is one identifying feature of the pedigree of a disease caused by mitochondrial inheritance?

A

all offspring from affected mother will have the disease

47
Q

list examples of mitochondrial disorders

A
  • Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
  • Kearns-Sayre syndrome
  • Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers.

cell bio (12 decks)

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