energy centers Flashcards
true or false: the mitochondria contains DNA
true
why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?
it produces most of the energy that is required for the cell’s carious functions
what is the endosymbiotic theory?
when prokaryotes were “swallowed” by larger eukaryotic cells which explains why the mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA
what are the advantages eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells received as stated by the endosymbiotic theory?
eu: no longer needed to only rely on anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
pro: now had safe home in which they could stay and not be destroyed
what is the folding that exists within the inner membrane?
cristae
how is the outer and inner membrane separated?
intermembrane spaces
what separates the rest of the organelle by the inner membrane?
matrix
what is the cardiolipin?
special lipid prominent in the inner membrane that make both membranes selectively permeable to specific molecules like fatty acids, carnitine, etc.
which mitochondrial membrane contains proteins necessary for the electron transport chain?
inner
The Krebs cycle utilizes the pyruvate generated from glycolysis and turns it into _______, which can be used in the Krebs cycle to generate ATP and the electron carriers, ____ and _____.
acetyl CoA
NADH
FADH2
the electron carriers used in the electron transport chain use a protein gradient and electron transfer between the different complexes of the chain in order to generate energy for the cell through _______________________
oxidative phosphorylation
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
generation of ATP through the use of oxidized electron carriers
ETC require what in order to produce ATP from the electron carriers generated from the Krebs cycle (NADH and FADH2)?
complexes 1,2,3,4 (ATP synthase)
what are cytochromes and what is its purpose?
- family of colorful proteins which contain an iron atom that can accept electrons
- aids in the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to lower energy levels in order to generate energy
how is a proton gradient formed between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space?
ETC complexes will pump H+ into the intermembrane space
the proton gradient is then used at the end of the electron transport by ____________ to form ATP
ATP synthase
as the cell divides, the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts increase or decrease?
increase
chloroplast is thought to have come from which prokaryotic organism?
cyanobacteria
how do cyanobacteria gain energy?
photosynthetic activity
what is the photosynthesis center of the cell?
chloroplast
chloroplasts use electrons from water and the energy from sunlight to convert ___ from the environment into _____________ for the cell to use
another end product is the release of __ into the atmosphere
CO2
carbohydrates
O2
what do plant cells use to generate energy during the day vs at night?
chloroplasts
mitochondria
what is the extra compartment in chloroplasts that mitochondria don’t have?
thylakoid space
what is the main difference between chloroplasts and mitochondria?
- inner membrane of the chloroplast is not folded into cristae
- chloroplasts have the stroma which is analogous to the mitochondrial matrix
how many membranes do chloroplasts have?
3
the third, innermost membrane of the chloroplast creates what?
thylakoids
what are thylakoids?
flattened disc like sacs
what are the two main reactions that chloroplasts are responsible for?
- generation of ATP using light
- conversion of CO2 into a carbohydrate
what is chlorophyll?
pigment within. plant cells
which reaction of chloroplasts use electrons to excite chlorophyll so those electrons can move along an oxidation chain similar to ETC?
light dependent reactions
what is carbon fixation?
convert CO2 to carbohydrate
which reaction of the chloroplasts use carbon fixation?
dark reactions
the dark and light dependent reactions use ___ and ______ that was produced in the light reactions to turn CO2 into a carbohydrate
ATP
NADPH
what is the world’s most abundant enzyme and catalyzes carbon fixation?
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
what part of the chloroplast does carbon fixation occur?
stroma
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 into ___________________
3-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate is converted to _______________________ which can then be used to produce _______, ____, and ______________
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
sugars
fats
amino acids
how do plants adapt to different environments such as hot, humid, or dry environments?
photorespiration
describe photorespiration
- ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase uses oxygen instead of CO2
- results in the consumption of O2 and the release of CO2
all of a plant cell’s fatty acids are made by enzymes that are located within the what?
chloroplast stroma
in the stroma, the reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), is managed by _________________
the ammonia generated is used to make ____________ and __________
light-activated electrons
nucleic acids
amino acids
when the environment lacked oxygen, how did the cells adapt?
used ETC as aerobic method of energy production
how are mitochondria inherited?
maternally
what type of inheritance is cytoplasmic inheritance?
non-Mendelian inheritance
what is used to examine genetic disorders to reveal typical mendelian inheritance patterns?
pedigree chart
what is one identifying feature of the pedigree of a disease caused by mitochondrial inheritance?
all offspring from affected mother will have the disease
list examples of mitochondrial disorders
- Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
- Kearns-Sayre syndrome
- Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers.
