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cell division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the phase of the cell growth cycle in which the cell spends most of its time in?

A

interphase

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2
Q

Once the cell has grown enough, it begins to replicate its DNA in the _ phase

A

S

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3
Q

how does the cell prepare itself for division through?

A

mitosis

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4
Q

how does the cell split itself into daughter cells through?

A

cytokinesis

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5
Q

what is the cycle of growth and division called?

A

cell cycle

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6
Q

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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7
Q

what phases encompass interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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8
Q

what phase occurs right after mitosis?

A

G1

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the G1 phase?

A

acts as a gap for the cell before needing to replicate its DNA and prepare again for cell division

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10
Q

what is the S phase know for?

A

synthesis of DNA

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11
Q

what happens during the S phase?

A

cell doubles its DNA in preparation for division

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12
Q

what is the gap between the S and M phase?

A

G2 phase

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13
Q

what is the M phase?

A

mitosis

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14
Q

what is the G0 phase?

A

cell becomes senescent, cell doesn’t grow or synthesize more DNA and remains “asleep” until it rejoins the cycle

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15
Q

what is the restriction point?

A

cell cycle checkpoint that occurs in G1 of the cell cycle in animal cells

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16
Q

The “commitment” step of this restriction point involves the formation of ___________________ that allow the cell to move on to the next phase.

A

cyclin/CDK complexes

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17
Q

what cyclin/CDK complexes form in the G1 phase?

A

S-phase cyclin complexes

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18
Q

what cyclin/CDK complexes form in the G2 phase?

A

M-phase cyclin/CDK complexes.

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19
Q

which checkpoint prevents the cell from going into mitosis before DNA synthesis has been completed?

A

unreplicated DNA checkpoint

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20
Q

what checkpoint makes sure that the newly replicated DNA has maintained its integrity?

A

G2 DNA-damage checkpoint

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21
Q

in which phase is there a spindle assembly and chromosome segregation checkpoint?

A

M phase

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22
Q

what is the purpose of cyclin/CDK complexes?

A

proteins come together and form a functional enzyme that can then modify downstream target proteins, helping the cell progress through the cell cycle.

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23
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the G1 phase

A

cyclin D
CDK 4
CDK 6

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24
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the S phase

A

cyclin E
cyclin A
CDK 2

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25
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the G2 phase

A

cyclin A
CDK 1

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26
Q

list the cyclins and CDKs associated with the M phase

A

cyclin B
CDK 1

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27
Q

what is the purpose of tumor suppressors?

A

proteins that prevent the unregulated growth/division of cells by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting cell growth, or maintaining DNA

28
Q

what are the two categories the tumor suppressor proteins can be divided into

A

caretakers and gatekeepers

29
Q

which category of tumor suppressor proteins make sure that the genome remains stable through DNA repair?

A

caretakers

30
Q

which category of tumor suppressor proteins regulate cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression?

A

gatekeepers

31
Q

what tumor suppressor protein prevents the progression of the cell from G1 to S?

A

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

32
Q

when is Rb active?

A

resting cells remaining in G1

33
Q

what state is Rb in when it’s active?

A

hypophosphorylated (no phosphate attached)

34
Q

When the cell is ready to progress to S from G1, we will have an increased presence of what cyclins and CDK?

A

cyclin D
CDK 4
CDK6

35
Q

what enzyme adds more phosphate groups to Rb?

A

kinases

36
Q

what state is the Rb in when it is inactive?

A

hyperphosphorylated (many phosphates added)

37
Q

When Rb is inactive, it will cause it to dissociate from what protein?

A

E2F

38
Q

what does E2F do?

A

activate gene expression of cyclins E and A for progression into the S phase

39
Q

what tumor suppressor protein is a caretaker protein and called “the guardian of the genome”?

A

p53

40
Q

what is the purpose of p53?

A

ensures that DNA’s integrity is maintained

41
Q

If p53 notices any DNA damage, it arrests the cell in the ____ checkpoint and activates DNA repair mechanisms.

A

G1/S

42
Q

how does p53 arrest the cell?

A

CDK inhibitor p21

43
Q

If p53 recognizes that this DNA damage cannot be repaired, it activates apoptosis by inducing the transcription of the protein ___, which induces apoptosis.

A

BAX

44
Q

what is retinoblastoma?

A

childhood cancer that occurs due to a mutation in the Rb gene which is located on chromosome 13

45
Q

what can happen when tumor suppressor genes lose their function due to a mutation?

A

cause cancer

46
Q

what must happen for cancer to develop by having a mutated tumor suppressor gene?

A

both genes must have a loss of function

47
Q

why is retinoblastoma considered a familial cancer?

A

most children inherit one defective Rb allele from a parent who is a carrier

48
Q

what is the two hit hypothesis?

A
  • once the second Rb gene is mutated, they will develop this cancer
  • in order to develop cancers due to loss of function of a tumor suppressor gene, you must have two hits on the tumor suppressor gene (losing function in both genes)
49
Q

what are symptoms of retinoblastoma?

A

leukocoria (abnormal white retina appearance)
loss of vision
glaucoma
cross-eyed vision

50
Q

what is mitosis

A

process of cell division to create an identical daughter cell

51
Q

list the different phases of mitosis in order

A

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

52
Q

which mitosis phase involves condensation of the replicated DNA into chromosomes?

A

prophase

53
Q

during prophase, because the DNA has duplicated in the S phase, each chromosome will consist of two sister chromatids that are joined together by a _______.

A

centromere

54
Q

during prophase, microtubules in the cytoskeleton aggregate around ________, which are the microtubule-organizing centers, which will be used as part of the ___________

A

centrosomes
mitotic spindle

55
Q

what is the start of prometaphase characterized by?

A

breakdown of the nuclear envelope where the spindle can then enter the nuclear area

56
Q

during prometaphase, what are the structure that begin to develop on the centromeres of the chromosomes?

A

kinetochores

57
Q

during prometaphase, what do the kinetochores attach to?

A

kinetochore microtubules

58
Q

what is metaphase characterized by?

A

where the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell

59
Q

how are the alignment of chromosomes done during metaphase?

A

kinetochore microtubules and motor proteins

60
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

chromosomes separate into chromatids that go to opposite poles of the cell

61
Q

which phase is faster, anaphase or metaphase?

A

anaphase

62
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

the separated sister chromatids arrive at the opposite poles and the kinetochore microtubules begin to disappear

63
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

cells separate to make two new daughter cells

64
Q

what phase does cleavage occur?

A

cytokinesis

65
Q

how is a cleavage furrow created?

A

contractile ring of actin filaments, and it gradually becomes deeper and deeper until both sides reach the remaining mitotic spindle that is still present between the two new nuclei

cell bio (12 decks)

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