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cell bio > internal membranes and organelles > Flashcards

internal membranes and organelles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the cytoplasm

A
  • makes up most of the mass of the cell
  • made of mostly water
  • acts as solvent for many intracellular proteins
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2
Q

list some functions of the cytoplasm

A

metabolism
protein synthesis
molecule storage
covalent modification

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3
Q

what is intermediary metabolism

A

degradation of small molecules into energy sources all of which occur in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

list examples of intermediary metabolism

A

glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
biosynthesis of sugars, fatty acids, amino acids

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5
Q

After the release of the spliced mRNA, free ribosome latches on and with the help of tRNAs, it produces a _________

A

polypeptide

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6
Q

where can protein synthesis occur?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm by free ribosomes

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7
Q

what are some molecules that cytoplasm can store?

A

glycogen
triglycerides

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8
Q

how do triglycerides appear in cytoplasm?

A

fat droplets, water-insoluble

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9
Q

how does glycogen appear in the cytoplasm?

A

granules

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10
Q

what is an example of covalent modification and describe it

A

phosphorylation- protein kinase uses a phosphate group from ATP to modify a protein, which causes it to become activated or inactivated

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11
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane bound organelle somewhat continuous with the nuclear envelope, lumen is separated from cytoplasm by these membranes

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12
Q

what is the purpose of endoplasmic reticulums?

A

makes proteins and lipids that are then sorted and sent to their specific places within the cell or extracellularly

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13
Q

what is the rough ER characterized by?

A

presence of ribosomes on its membrane (cytoplasmic side)

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14
Q

what is cisternae?

A

“stacks of flattened sacs” of the rough ER and is prominent in protein production and secretion

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15
Q

example of cisternae

A

pancreatic acinar cells (secrete pancreatic enzymes)
plasma cells (of immune system and secrete anitbodies)

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16
Q

what are the ribosomes that are present on the rough ER called and what do they do?

A

membrane-bound ribosomes
- direct their protein synthesis into the ER lumen when there is special signal sequence present in the mRNA
~ tells the ribosome that this protein needs to be transported to specific location via golgi apparatus

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17
Q

describe the structure of the smooth ER

A
  • “meshwork of fine tubules”
  • no ribosomes bound
  • somewhat continuous with rER
18
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER

A

lipid metabolism and detoxification
glycosylation

19
Q

what are certain cells that will have abundant smooth ER

A
  • hepatocytes
  • cells producing steroid hormones
20
Q

describe glycosylation

A
  • process attaches a specific oligosaccharide to the N-terminus of a protein on the asparagine residue
  • then acts as a “tag” and informs the cell that the protein is meant to stay intracellularly
21
Q

list functions of the golgi apparatus

A

glycosylation
packaging of proteins
recycling of membrane components

“post office of cell”

22
Q

describe golgi apparatus’ role in glycosylation

A
  • modifies the residues to create differences in the oligosaccharides so that each type of protein ends up having a distinct tag on it
  • core portion of oligosaccharide is added by ER while the terminal portion of the oligosaccharide is modified by the golgi apparatus
23
Q

describe the golgi apparatus function in secretory cells

A

Golgi is used to concentrate and store a large number of products in secretory vesicles, which are later used to release the cell’s protein product.
- The vesicles that proteins are packaged into also act as sorting centers for the proteins
- The Golgi sends proteins out to different parts of the cell, but it is also used by the cell to recycle different components

24
Q

The same transport vesicles that are used to send proteins out from the golgi apparatus are once again recycled by the cell, and being recycled with them are the ____________ that are used to form and fuse the vesicles.

A

vesicle proteins

25
Q

what is the main function of lysosomes?

A

most of intracellular digestion occurs

26
Q

what are lysosomes

A

small vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that are used to degrade macromolecules into waste products that are then exocytosed out of the cell

27
Q

what are acid hydrolases

A

enzymes in the lysosome that are optimally active at a pH of 5 that tells us the internal environment of the lysosome is acidic in nature

28
Q

what do the special transport proteins of the lysosome do?

A

uses ATP to pump H+ ions inside it to create an acidic environment

29
Q

what are docking markers

A

helps tag the lysosome so that specific transport vesicles in the cell can fuse with them

30
Q

what are primary lysosomes?

A

newly formed and have not come into contact with a substrate

31
Q

what are secondary lysosomes and how are they created?

A

those that have substrates and enzymes. They are created when primary lysosomes and membrane-bound substrates fuse together

32
Q

which tag on a protein would send it to the lysosome?

A

If a protein has a mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) containing oligosaccharide, it will be sent to the lysosome

33
Q

what is I-Cell disease?

A

occurs when the patient lacks the lysosomal enzyme tag mannose-6-P. As a result, the lysosomal enzymes are not present in the lysosome and macromolecules cannot be broken down. There are a variety of mutations that cause lysosomal storage diseases, and some have a much more severe etiology than others

34
Q

what are some symptoms of I-Cell disease?

A

coarse facial features, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), failure to thrive (child does not reach growth milestones), developmental delay (child does not reach developmental milestones), and restricted joint movement

35
Q

what kind of cells are peroxisomes present in almost all of?

A

eukaryotic cells

36
Q

how are peroxisomes formed?

A

by budding from smooth ER

37
Q

what is the peroxisome a major site of?

A

oxygen utilization where the oxygen is used in catabolic reactions

38
Q

what is the main enzyme found in peroxisomes

A

catalase

39
Q

what is catalase?

A

used to oxidize many different substrates. It uses hydrogen peroxide in this reaction and water is released as the end product

40
Q

peroxisomes also contain enzymes that catalyze the formation of hydrogen peroxide as a __________.

A

waste product

41
Q

what is the purpose of catalase reaction in peroxisomes?

A

safety mechanism of sorts to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell, which is a toxic waste product

cell bio (12 decks)

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