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final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is mitochondria located within the cell?

A

cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells

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2
Q

how are mitochondrial disease inherited?

A

maternally
- mitochondria transferred from oocyte
- cytoplasmic inheritance (non-mendelian inheritance)
- all offspring from affected mother will have disease

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3
Q

list mitochondrial disorders

A
  • leber hereditary optic neuropathy
  • kearns-sayre syndrome
  • myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
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4
Q

what is the main function of mitochondria?

A

conducts krebs cycle and ETC to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

where would you find chloroplasts?

A

plant cells

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6
Q

what are the three filaments of the cytoskeleton?

A

actin (microfilaments)
intermediate
microtubules

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7
Q

what makes up microtubules?

A

alpha and beta tubulin

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8
Q

what makes up actin filaments?

A

globular proteins that can assemble and disassemble within the cell (through polymerization and depolymerization

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9
Q

what makes up intermediate filaments?

A

bunch of different size polypeptides (fibrous protein subunits), makes a trimer and is more stable than actin and microtubules

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10
Q

what cells and cell structures would you find microfilaments in?

A

muscle fibers (skeletal muscle cell)
sarcomere (A and I band)

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11
Q

what is the energy source required for the polymerization of tubulin and actin?

A

tubulin- GTP
actin- ATP

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12
Q

describe the structure of cilia

A
  • bundles of microtubules
  • core=axoneme
  • 9+2 pattern at axoneme
  • basal body where microtubules can grow 9+0 pattern
  • dynein present on 9+2 arrangement
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13
Q

explain Kartagener’s syndrome

A
  • autosomal recessive disorder that affects the motor protein dynein in the individuals body.
  • recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, chronic sinusitis, and infertility in males (due to the inability of the sperm to travel, situs inversus with dextrocardia
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14
Q

colchicine

A
  • prevents polymerization of microtubules by binding to a tubulin dimer
  • halts cell division -> anti-mitotic and anti cancer drug
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15
Q

vincristine and vinblastine

A

anti-mitotic drug used as anti-cancer cells since they can preferentially kill rapidly dividing cells found in cancer
- affects microtubules

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16
Q

taxol

A
  • prevents depolymerization of microtubules by increasing polymerization by depleting cytoplasmic pool of tubulin
  • stabilizes microtubule
  • anti-mitotic
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17
Q

cytochalasins

A
  • prevent polymerization of actin by binding specifically to one end of actin filament and preventing addition of more actin molecules to that end
  • metabolites released by different molds
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18
Q

phalloidin

A
  • death cap mushrooms
  • prevents depolymerization of actin by stabilizing actin filaments
  • commonly used as cytoskeletal stain
19
Q

describe interphase

A

where the cell grows and spends the most time in to prepare itself to divide

20
Q

describe G1 phase

A
  • occurs right after mitosis
  • acts a gap for cell before needing to replicate its DNA to prepare again for cell division
21
Q

describe S phase

A

synthesizes DNA
- cell replicates its DNA in preparation for division

22
Q

describe G2 phase

A

second gap of interphase

23
Q

describe M phase

A

mitosis

24
Q

what is G0 phase

A

becomes senescent during G1 phase

25
Q

what is the purpose of p53?

A
  • tumor suppressor gene
  • caretaker protein “guardian of the genome”
  • 50% human cancers have mutations of it
    ensures DNA’s integrity is maintained
  • if it notices any DNA damage, arrests cell in G1/S checkpoint and activates DNA repair mechanisms
  • arrests cell through CDK inhibitor p21
  • if damage can’t be repaired, activates apoptosis via BAX
26
Q

what is retinoblastoma?

A
  • childhood cancer that occurs due to a mutation in the Rb gene which is located on chromosome 13
  • In order to develop a cancer in this mechanism, both genes must have a loss of function.
  • “familial cancer” because most children inherit one defective Rb allele from a parent who is a carrier.
  • symptoms of retinoblastoma are leukocoria — which is the abnormal white appearance of the retina upon examination, loss of vision, glaucoma, or cross-eyed vision.
27
Q

what is mitosis and its purpose?

A

cell division to create identical daughter cell

28
Q

prophase

A

nucleoli breakdown and DNA condenses into chromosomes

29
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelopes breaks down and kinetochores attach to microtubules

30
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes lined up on equator of cell

31
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes split into chromatids that travel to opposite ends of cell

32
Q

telophase

A

sister chromatids are separated and have arrived at opposite poles and kinetochore microtubules begin to disappear

33
Q

cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow along with contractile rings causes cell to separate into two identical daughter cells

34
Q

define chemotaxis

A

directed motion of organism towards chemical signal

35
Q

define adhering junctions

A

mechanically hold cell together typically through desmosomes (belt, spot, hemi)

36
Q

define impermeable junctions

A

hold cells together and also make seal so molecules can’t pass in between them typically through tight junction

37
Q

define communicating junctions

A

allow cells to communicate with each other most commonly through gap junctions and chemical synapses

38
Q

what is bullous pemphigoid?

A
  • disease characterized by blister formation causing the epithelium to detach from the basal lamina
  • caused by an autoimmune attack on different protein components of the hemidesmosome
  • pruritic (itchy) skin disease that is common in people over the age of 60.
  • presence of bullous pemphigoid blisters can be a side effect of certain drugs like furosemide (Lasix) which is a loop diuretic or Vildagliptin, an antidiabetic drug
39
Q

What are the fibers and proteins that make up the extracellular matrix?

A

fibroblasts
collagen
glycosaminoglycans
elastin

40
Q

what is osteogenesis imperfecta type I?

A
  • caused by a mutation in either of the type I collagen genes: COL1A1 and COL1A2
  • long bone fractures in their childhood which occur after minor trauma, mistaken for abuse
  • possibility of hearing loss, and will have blue sclera
41
Q

what is marfan syndrome?

A
  • autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by a mutation in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene on chromosome 16.
  • long limbs, arachnodactyly, pectus excavatum, lens dislocation, aortic aneurysm, and abnormal formation of the rib cage.
42
Q

merocrine secretion

A

cell secretes signal without damage to itself
- sweat and mammary glands

43
Q

holocrine secretion

A

whole cell expelled during secretion and ruptured cell becomes part of secretory product
- sebaceous glands

44
Q

apocrine secretion

A

only apical part of cell shed in secretory product
- sweat glands in armpit

cell bio (12 decks)

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