Relationships Flashcards
What are Fiske’s 4 relational models?
communal sharing
authority ranking
equality matching
market pricing
what is communal sharing?
feeling of shared identity in terms of consequence and fate, eg… family, romantic partners, tight knit teams
what is authority ranking?
there is a subordinate and superior… superior provides wisdom/instruction, while subordinate shows respect
what is equality matching?
equals eg in the work place, housemates etc i do something for you you do something for me
what is market pricing?
proportionality is key… weighing up benefits proportional to cost, take place is business
in forming a new relationship, what are attraction and liking?
attraction: desire for a voluntary relationship
liking: positive evaluation of an object
what factors influence attraction and liking?
- physical attraction
- similarity
- positive interaction (proximity, familiarity, mimicry)
how does physical attraction positively influence attraction
we like those that are physical attractive because of the “beautiful is good” stereotype
what did snyder, tanke and berschied investigate
how physical attractiveness influences liking… the phone conversation between men and women where men were shown photo of a woman that was “hot or not”
T or F, similar others tend to attract ?
True
why does similarity increase liking?
- encourages positive interaction over common interests
- similar others validate our beliefs (positive reinforcement)
- we assume they like us and we like people that like us (inferred reciprocal attraction)
what factors that influence the likelihood of positive interaction?
- proximity
- familiarity
- mimicry
what is proximity?
we like people we interact with more and those we interact with more are often closer to us physically, and as such we like people who are physically closer to us
how can proximity increase positive interaction?
- increases frequency of positive interactions
- increases familiarity
- similar people may live/work near one another so this has a compounding affect
how can familiarity lead to liking?
mere exposure effect, as we see something more often, we become more used to it, easier to process etc so familiarity can increase attractiveness perception, increasing positive interaction.
what is non conscious mimicry?
unintentional copying of others actions in a face to face setting
how can relationships move to a more deeper relationship?
through self disclosure
what are the consequences of self disclosure ?
- can increase liking
- can increase trust
- better enables behavioural coordination
how can self disclosure increase liking?
- mutual self disclosure can increase perceived similarity
how can self disclosure increase trust?
by putting oneself in a vulnerable situation which signals to them you trust them
how can self disclosure increase better behavioural coordination ?
knowing about each others preferences and abilities can help with achieving goals together
who self discloses more? individualist or collectivist cultures? why?
individualist cultures
because they tend to care more about the uniqueness of the self, and talk more about internal states
what is relational mobility? which cultures are higher on this scale?
ease of which relationships are formed and exited in a culture… individualist cultures
how does social psych define a close relationship? or what is key to a close relationship? Does this mean positive?
strong, frequent interdependence. no
in what ways can there be interdependence?
cognitive
behavioural
affective
what is self other representations?
intertwining of concepts of self and partner, inclusion of other in self
what is behavioural interdependence?
where each partner influences the other’s decisions, activities and plans
what is key to behavioural interdependence?
that giving becomes less contingent on possibility of reciprocation
how did aron et al 1991 investigate the theory that people become less focused on the possibility of reciprocation?
participants were prepared to give more money to a stranger if the stranger knew it was coming from them compared to if the stranger did not know. this is because with the stranger knowing who it came from, there is an increased chance of reciprocation… whereas this was not the same effect for friends
what is affective interdependence?
key idea is intimacy
how is intimacy defined?
positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support
as relationships increase in closeness, what do they offer?
acknowledgement, acceptance/understanding, emotional response, increasing sensitivity and care
what are the key concepts of Rusbult’s investment model of commitment?
- satisfaction level
- quality of alternatives
- investment size
what determines satisfaction level?
cost benefit analysis of cognitive, affective and behavioural benefits that are provided by the relationship
what determines are quality of alternatives ?
desirability of alternatives to relationship
what is the investment size?
resources put into the relationship eg, time, money, emotional energy, shared friends etc
T or F? Satisfaction level indicates level of commitment completely
false
T or F? you cannot have a committed relationship that has low satisfaction… give example
False
people staying in abusive relationship because they felt they have invested so much into the relationship, or had little alternatives
what are the components of Sternberg 1986 triangular theory of love
- intimacy (feeling close, connected and interdependent)
- commitment (long term orientation to relationship)
- passion: physical and sexual attraction, intensity of emotional connection
what is the make up of the 7 types of love?
- liking (intimacy)
- infatuated (passion)
- empty (commitment)
- romantic (intimacy + passion)
- companionate (intimacy + commitment)
- fatuous (passion + commitment)
- consumate (all 3)
what types of threats are there to relationships? and list sub types
external - financial strain - gender roles - rivals internal - illness - change/mismatch in preferences/expectations
if parties are in a close relationship, what do they need to do according to baxter?
- recognise autonomy of each other
- display similarity eg in beliefs, attitudes, values etc
- be supportive by enhancing one another’s self worth
- be open and genuine with one another
- remain loyal and faithful
- have substantial shared time together
- get rewards in proportion to their investment into each other and things they do as a couple
- romance
what are the 4 types of destructive accommodation?
- criticism (negative complaining, particularly trait defect)
- contempt (lack of respect, ridiculing partner)
- defensiveness (coming up with excuses for own negative behaviour)
- stonewalling (completely disengaging or avoiding interaction all together)
what is accommodation in managing conflicts?
the process of responding to a negative action done by the partner
what are the types of constructive accommodation?
- open discussion
- patience
- forgiveness
what are the results of rubult et al 1991 4 grid quadrant of accommodation strategies
- voice (openly discuss): active and constructive
- exit (abuse, threaten): active and destructive
- loyalty (wait, hope, support): passive and constructive
- Neglect (ignore, avoid): passive and destructive
what is likely to aid constructive accommodation?
- commitment
- idealisation of partner
- implicit theories: beliefs about how the world works
what are the types of implicit theories people hold about relationships
- growth v destiny (we can grow and change overtime and requires work v we were or were not meant to be)
- incremental v entity re personality (people can change and grow and improve vs personality is fundamentally fixed
how is loneliness defined ?
negative feelings arising from unmet needs for affection and self validation, not being alone, but sense of isolation
what are the stages of the cognitive behavioural loop? cacioppo and hawkley 2009
- perceived social isolation occurs
- hyper vigilance for social threats
- attentional confirmatory and memory biases
- behavioural confirmation processes
- more negative displays, social interactions and affect
how is the cognitive behavioural loop exacerbated?
if one attributes loneliness to inherent shyness or unattractiveness
