Intra and Inter Group Dynamics Flashcards
what is the difference between intra and inter group processes?
intra (within groups), inter (between groups)
what are intra group processes concerned with ?
the influence of a social group on an individual
what are inter group processes concerned with ?
how individual’s perceive social groups
what is group socialisation interested in/ does it investigate?
less about individuals coming together to make new group, more about individual joining an existing group
what is a social group?
2 or more people that share common characteristic of goal that is socially meaning to them
what two scales determine how groups differ?
interdependence and interaction
what is interdependence?
the extent to which each group member’s Thoughts, feelings and actions impact the others
what are the two types of interdependence? describe them
task: reliance on others for mastery of material rewards through performance and collective tasks
social: reliance on others for feelings of connectedness, respect, and acceptance
what are the 2 broad types of groups?
primary (intimacy groups)
secondary (task groups)
what are the 5 stages of group formation?
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
what is forming?
- individuals come together
- bid to understand the interdependence of the group, the hierarchy, the goals of the group and why it came to be
- often facilitated by a leader who can respond to some of these initial questions
what is storming?
negotiations in the group about roles and responsibilities
what types of conflicts in the storming phase can rise, highlight their characteristic and specify if they increase or decrease performance
Relationship conflict – clashing personalities (-)
Task conflict – different views on content, structure and goals (+)
Process conflict – different views on strategies and tactics (-)
what is norming?
emergence of group norms if conflicts are resolved, presence of consensus, commitment, cohesion, and group related social identity
what is a group norm?
a general tendency within a group for how the group will think, feel or behave
what is performing?
members actually begin to complete the task/s that they were brought together for
what is adjourning? why does this happen?
Dissolution of group. because group has fulfilled purpose or was always going to end at particular time
what are the 3 stages of group socialisation? who hypothesised and when?
investigation
socialisation
maintenance
Moreland and Levine (1988)
what is investigation of a group?
potential member seeks info about group; likewise for group seeking info about potential member
what is socialisation of a group?
member acquires an internalised group knowledge, adopts norms, becomes committed and forms identity; the group tried to mould the individual into one of them
what is maintenance of a group?
individuals has joined and assimilated into the group, now fully feel part of the group and becomes about maintaining their commitment to the group by carrying out the groups roles and tasks
what are the 3 different ways a group can have an impact on you as an individual within that group
- social facilitation
- social loafing
- de-individuation
what is social facilitation…. eg?
increase in the likelihood of highly accessible responses (and decrease in likelihood of less accessible responses), due to the presence of others
cyclists go faster racing each other than the clock
what did Triplett study in what year? what did he find?
1898… got kids to wind in fishing line, sometimes by themselves and sometimes with another child next to them … so does the mere presence of others facilitate performance?
what did Markus (1978) find?
that the presence of others impairs performance if the task is unfamiliar, but improves performance if the task is familiar
what are the two ways that the presence of others can increase arousal? how does this happen?
evaluation apprehension - worrying about “what are they thinking about me?”
distraction - preoccupied with thinking about what they are doing, why are they there etc
what are dominant responses and what are non dominant responses?
dominant: well rehearsed and accessible
non dominant: novel, complex and inaccessible
what is social loafing?
tendency to exert less effort on a task when done in a group than when alone
what did Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979) study/find?
asked people to clap/cheer as loudly as they could, and varied group size
individuals tended to be louder when there were less of them, and less loud as group size increases
how to reduce social loafing
- change nature of task to make it more engaging
- increase accountability
- reduce group size
- increase commitment to or identification with group
which sorts of cultures show more social loafing ?
individualist
what is de-individuation?
where one acts as a prototypical group member over that of being unique… where the social identity of that individual within the group completely dominates their personal identity
when does de-individuation often occur?
when one is anonymous, wearing uniforms, being in a crowd of group members (mob)
what did Johnson and Downing (1979) find?
using the nurse v kkk outfit, and covering their face or not showed that participants acted in accordance with the group norms more often if they were de-individuated (anonymised)
what is social categorisation important to?
the impression formation process, thus influencing how we think, feel and behave toward other people
what is social categorisation?
thinking about other people’s group membership, which they belong to and which we categorise them to…
the process of perceiving people as members of social groups/categories rather than as unique individuals
what is self categorisation?
being more or less likely in certain circumstances to categorise ourselves as group members
when is self categorisation more likely?
- when you are directly reminded about your membership
- when you are in the presence of out group members
- when you are in the minority
how does “me” become “we/us”
how does “you” become “them”
self categorisation; social categorisation
what is the Category differentiation model
in certain conditions that encourage self categorisation, we exacerbate the differences between us and them, and exacerbate the similarities we see amongst us and amongst them
what is out group homogeneity?
seeing all members of the other out group as the same
example of out group homogeneity, through Platz and Hosch (1988)… what did they find?
the texas convenience store clerks were assessed on their ability to recognise individuals from different racial background
the people found it more difficult to identity members of out groups because more likely to see out group as homogenous
what are stereotypes and what is stereotyping?
stereotypes are content related consequences of social categorisation
stereotyping is applying a stereotype to an individual and viewing that individual in light of the stereotype
what specifically is a stereotype?
cognitive representation of impressions/expectancies about a social group
what is the difference between stereotypes and prejudice?
stereotypes are some sort of beliefs about a social group
whereas prejudice is more about evaluation (positive or negative)
True or False, stereotypes are not accurate
False
what are the two dimensions on the stereotype content model (SCM) (Fiske et al 2002)
warmth and competence
provide details around Admiration in the SCM
- High on both competence and warmth
- they illicit some sort of admiration from us
- occupy high status, but not competitive with us
- we tend to put groups that we are close to or that we belong to in here (in group or close allies)
provide details around Envious stereotype in the SCM
- high on competence, low on warmth
- high status, but unfriendly/competitive with us
- in US studies, groups that have been placed in here include asians, Jews, rich people and feminists
provide details around paternalistic stereotype in the SCM
- low competence, high warmth
- warm and friendly but not competent or capable
- don’t view them as having high status, but they are not threats
- we feel empathy towards these groups
- US studies places housewives, elderly people and disabled people in this quadrant
provide details around contemptuous stereotype in the SCM
- low on warmth and low on competence
- feel contempt towards these groups
- low status, but competitive
- Us studies places welfare recipients and poor people in this group
how does one explicitly measure stereotypes?
- simply asking participants “what do you think about X social group?”
- Can also give them more prompting questions such as “do you think x group is warm, cold, competitive” etc
how does one implicitly measure stereotypes?
Implicit associations test:
measuring associations between social categories and other concepts… how closely nodes sit together in ones mental networks
what is social desirability bias?
participants responding in a way that they think is socially desirable as opposed to what they actually think
what is the response time paradigm?
theory that patterns of RTs tell us something about underlying mental representations
what is the given example of IAT?
click on the keyboard to categorise target words/images with categories on the left or right
what is the underlying theory of the IAT, how we can measure stereotypes
the more closely linked in the mind two concepts are, the faster a person will be to respond when these concepts share a response key (i.e. when the categories are on the same side of the screen)
what did Duncan (1976) investigate and in turn posit
whether people viewed different combinations of various ethnicities pushing one another as violent v playful.
found that stereotypes can bias judgements about individuals as it can change the way that ambiguous behaviour is interpreted
stereotypes are ____
prejudice is _____
discrimination is _____
beliefs; evaluation; behaviour
what is the in group favouritism theory?
we prefer the groups that we belong to compared to the ones that we don’t
what are 3 other terms for in group favouritism?
ingroup bias, intergroup bias, intergroup discrimination
what is one theory as to why we prefer the ingroup?
social identity theory
what does social identity theory posit?
to increase positivity of the self, we can increase the positivity of how we view the social groups that we belong to, to buffer our self esteem or contribute to self enhancement
what did Tajfel et al (1971) study and posit
group children based on “what painting they liked” then asked them to allocate points to their group or the other group… found that there was in group favouritism under minimal conditions (does not need to be a group that they strongly identified with)
what is a technique we use to serve positivity of in groups v out groups
group serving bias
what is group serving bias
views behaviours as more positive if done by in group compared to when out group does the same behaviour
what is the ultimate attribution error?
determining that positive behaviour of in group is dispositional while positive behaviour of out group is situational… and vice a versa when it is a negative behaviour
what two things escalate the chances of conflict occurring between us and them?
competition or threat
what is the realistic conflict theory (proposed by Levine and Campbell 1972)
that intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce (and thus valued) material resources
what did taylor and Moriarty (1987) research and find?
had two groups come up with marketing slogan… condition 1, winner takes all, condition 2, combination of ideas and then winner is determined.
found that in group favouritism can be exacerbated by competition
what 3 types of threat does integrated threat theory talk about? Explain them Stephan and Stephan 1985
realistic threat: material well being eg economic benefits, political power, health
symbolic threat: to the in group’s systems of values
intergroup anxiety: feelings of anxiety of embarrassment, rejection, ridicule when interacting with intergroup
what did riek et al 2006 find in their meta analysis?
that realistic, symbolic and anxiety threats all positively correlate with negative out group attitudes
what 3 ways can prejudice and discrimination reduction take place?
- contact (extended and imagined)
- changing categorisation
- superordinate goals
what is intergroup contact ?
more contact one has with an out group, less prejudice one expresses
when is contact between inter groups most effective or optimal?
when there is equal status, shared goals, authority sanction, and no competition
how does Pettigrew and Tropp think that contact can help reduce inter group prejudice?
- knowledge - more we know about them, reduction in negative attitudes
- anxiety - if you have feelings of anxiety around interaction with out group, but you then actually have a positive interaction, this reduces feelings of prejudice
empathy/perspective taking - putting yourself in ones shoes emotionally (empathy), cognitively (perspective taking)
which two factors contribute to how contact reduces inter group prejudice?
anxiety and empathy/perspective taking
what is extended contact?
knowledge that other ingroup members have outgroup friends can reduce intergroup bias
what did wright et al 1997 study?
in v out group bias by allocating people to different coloured personalities, and then having confederate from each group interact with one another and then assessed participants views of the other group
found that if a positive interaction was observed, in group favouritism was minimised
what two ways can re-categorisation diminish inter group biases?
re-categorisation: “us” and “them” become superordinate “we”
de-categorisation: “they” become individuals
which study looked at changing categorisation? how?
Gaertner et al 1989
- 6 people originally into 2 groups, come up with names, then either brought them back together and came up with new name all together or shared individual nicknames with one another
what study looks at superordinate goals?
sherif et al 1961 summer camp
